SLP 418: Clinical Phonetics

Chapter 2

Phonetics

the study of production and perception of speech sounds

IPA

a universal alphabet designed to represent sounds, that does not correlate to spelling.

vowel sounds are outlined on a quadrilateral, roughly corresponding to tongue placement

ExtIPA

designed for transcribing speech sound disorders

Phonology

the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of a language

Phoneme

the single, smallest unit of speech sound.

Grapheme

printed letters corresponding to how a word is spelled

Allograph

different letter sequences that represent the same sound (ex: ph = f)

Digraph

letter pairs the represent a single sound (ex: sh)

Morphemes

the smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

Free Morpheme

stands alone and still carry meaning (ex: tree)

Bound Morpheme

needs to be connected to other morphemes to carry meaning (eg: -ing)

A change in a single phoneme will change →

← the meaning of the morpheme

Diacritics

symbols to give more information to the pronunciation of a certain sound

Allophones

the variations within phonemes

Complementary Distribution

allophonic production tied to a specific phonetic context

Free Variation

allophonic production that is unrelated to phonetic context and depends on the speaker’s individual production of the word, without changing its meaning

Syllable

basic building block of language

Syllable: Onset

All consonants before the vowel

Syllable: Rhyme

Consists of the Nucleus and Coda

Syllable: Rhyme: Nucleus

Typically the vowel, although syllabic consonants can take on the role of the vowel

Syllable: Rhyme: Coda

All consonants that follow the nucleus

Open Syllables

Syllables ending in a vowel, that have no coda

Closed Syllables

Syllables ending with a consonants, having a coda

If a word has a coda, it is a(n) _____ syllable

closed

If a word does not have a coda, it is a(n) _____ syllable

open

Diphthong

An individual phoneme containing two vowels (ex: shout)

Canonical Syllable

A unit containing at least one consonant and one vowel (CV pattern)

Lexical Stress

One syllable that is produced with more emphasis than others, whether it has a longer duration, higher pitch or more intensity

All multisyllabic word have at least a primary stress. Lexical stress that alter a word’s meaning / class.

Broad / Phonemic Transcription

Transcription with no attempt to transcribe allophonic variations, represented by “//”

Narrow / Allophonic Transcription

Uses diacritic markers to show modifications, represented by []