ToP-Liberty

What absence defines Berlin's negative liberty?

interference

What broader condition defines Berlin's positive liberty?

self-realisation and control over one's will

Why must positive liberty be defined carefully according to Berlin?

otherwise it collapses into negative liberty

What does control over the will amount to in the notes?

freedom from internal constraints

What does T. H. Green's phrase 'the whole man having found his object' emphasise?

completion rather than conditions

What does the outcome-versus-obstacles distinction capture in positive liberty?

the achieved state rather than absence of barriers

What danger does Berlin see in positive liberty?

it can justify intervention

What is the defining feature of domination in republican freedom?

capacity for arbitrary interference

What must the capacity for interference be in order to constitute domination?

ready to use

Why does merely having the potential to learn how to exercise power not constitute domination?

the capacity is not ready to use

What makes an interference arbitrary?

it depends on the dominator's judgement

What does arbitrary power allow the dominator to do?

interfere at their own pleasure

What does the 'number of doors' example fail to capture?

the presence of a doorkeeper

When would the person facing the doors be free under non-domination?

when there is no arbitrary doorkeeper

How does Paley classify non-domination relative to non-interference?

the same concept of liberty

According to Paley, what mainly distinguishes the republican view?

its application and wider protection

What does Pettit say makes domination freedom-restricting even without actual interference?

the ability to interfere

What clause in republican freedom permits non-arbitrary state interference?

the non-arbitrary clause

Why can laws fail to count as freedom restrictions under non-domination?

state interference can be non-arbitrary

What does freedom as non-frustration focus on?

desired actions

What problem does Pettit identify with allowing freedom to increase through preference adjustment?

changing preferences can avoid interference

What example illustrates preference adjustment?

choosing y instead of x

What parallel problem does Pettit identify for non-interference?

appeasing the potential interferer

How can ingratiation make someone appear free under non-interference?

it prevents actual interference

What does Pettit deny about appeasing a dominator?

that it makes one free

What is Simpson's objection concerning the power of the people?

power to resist the state can enable citizens to dominate each other

What creates the possibility of collective domination in Simpson's argument?

coordination

Why could groups dominate individuals even when individuals have power to resist the state?

combined power exceeds individual power

What conclusion does Simpson's argument threaten for non-domination?

we could never be free

Why might the difficulty of achieving non-domination nevertheless be defended?

it functions as an ideal

Besides popular power, what can prevent domination according to Pettit?

constitutional provisions

What can constitutional provisions permit the state to do without dominating?

interfere non-arbitrarily

What is MacCallum's basic triadic formula for freedom?

x is free from y to do or be z

What does Elford argue MacCallum's framework cannot capture?

positive liberty

What question arises over the identity of y in MacCallum's formula?

what counts as a constraint

What internal example might count as y?

addiction

Why should mountains generally not count as constraints in a political conception?

freedom should focus on human activity and relationships

What does the inability to jump 20 feet illustrate?

not every inability is a lack of freedom

What problem arises over accidental interference?

whether deliberate intention is necessary

What problem arises over omissions?

failure to act can also restrict freedom

What accessibility example illustrates omission?

failure to build accessible ramps

What does the overbreadth problem warn against in defining constraints?

making the category too broad

How can threats restrict freedom even without direct interference?

they prevent combinations of actions

What combination can a threat prevent in the notes?

doing the action while keeping the threatened money

What question arises over z in MacCallum's formula?

which desires count

Why might rational desires be preferred to current desires?

to exclude desires produced by addiction

What does Cohen claim about poverty and freedom?

lack of money constricts freedom

How does Cohen connect poverty to interference?

others physically prevent actions such as stealing

Why is poverty not simply a natural constraint for Cohen?

it results from human actions

What does a distribution of property amount to on Cohen's view?

a distribution of rights of interference

Why does money confer freedom on Cohen's account?

it removes interference

What does Rawls distinguish from liberty when discussing poverty?

the worth of liberty

What does the cage-and-penny example aim to show?

money can make one person more free

What does the moralised or rights-based view restrict freedom to?

actions one has a right to perform

Why would the rights-based view not count scamming as an unfreedom?

there is no right to scam

What counterintuitive result does the rights-based view generate for prisoners?

their unfreedom is treated as justified