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David Hume
18th-century Scottish philosopher known for challenging inductive arguments for the existence of God.
Cosmological arguments
Arguments concerning the existence of causes, which raised concerns for Hume.
First cause
The idea of a primary cause, which Hume found illogical due to concepts of eternity and infinity.
Fallacy of composition
Term coined by Russell, building on Hume's idea that applying a principle from a part to the whole is arbitrary.
Teleological argument
Argument based on design, criticized by Hume using the watchmaker analogy.
Watchmaker analogy
Comparison between a mechanical watch and the universe, challenged by Hume and Paley.
Big Bang theory
Scientific theory proposing the universe originated from a singularity.
Theory of evolution
Darwin's theory suggesting order emerges from unpredictable and random processes.
Natural selection
Process where organisms adapt to their environment, contrasting foresight with blind evolution.
Gaia hypothesis
Lovelock's theory viewing the world as a self-regulating system of interactions between organisms and their surroundings.
David Hume
how can something that exists from eternity have a cause, since it implies priority in time and a beginning of existence?How
absurd to inquire for a general cause or first author
Bertrand Russell
just because humans have a mother doesn’t mean that the whole humanity has a mother
the universe is just there
Richard Dawkins
the only watchmaker in nature is the blind forces of physics
