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important concepts of eating habits and growth
growth is slower compared to infancy, height and weight still increase, only ¼ of toddlers in the US eat a balanced diet, usually having deficits in zinc, calcium, iron, and vitamins A and C.
important concepts of obesity/overweight
increasing in children since the 1970s, BMI in the 85-95th percentile is considered overweight
important concepts in brain development
myelination, the corpus callosum, and prefrontal cortex all contribute to better connected brain with better coordination, gross motor skills, efficient communication, language development, social understanding, and quicker and more coordinated thoughts
implications of the limbic system
immaturity of the limbic system causes impulsiveness and perserverance
characteristics of preoperational intelligence
verbal, egocentrism, irrational, imaginative, language-rich, and self-centered
the blicket task
related to theory of mind and causal interpretations by understanding which object activates the blicket and which one doesn’t and what happens if they’re both on the blicket.
theory of mind
the ability for children to understand that others may have different beliefs, perspectives, and access to information. Maturation in the prefrontal cortex, greater verbal fluency, and siblings cause a big development around age 4.
important concepts of language development
vocabular explosion by age 6 with a lot of words, fast mapping, and some errors in speech like struggles in pragmatics, overregularization, relationships of time and place, words with double meanings, and metaphors.
fast mapping
learning a word based on making connections based on what is already known
overregularization
errors in speech that involve how to use language and grammar; “I goed to school”
important concepts of early childhood education
most children in the US go to preschool (80%), can be student-directed (Waldorf, Montessori) or teacher-directed (HeadStart), preschool provides an advantage socially and academically in elementary school and beyond, but effectiveness depends on the quality of the program and the demographics of the children.
