imaging 2 final

T or F: Fuji, Konica, and Phillips use exposure indicator values and are inversely proportional to the exposure reaching the IR

false

Which of the following describes how an indirect conversion detector works.

a. Uses photodetector to convert xrays to light and a scintillator to convert light to electrical signal

b. sent directly to cassette and then cassette runs through processor

c. Uses scintillator to convert xray photons to light and then a photodetector to convert light to electrical signal

d.Uses digital imaging and communication in medicine and then coverts information or electric signal

c. Uses scintillator to convert xray photons to light and then a photodetector to convert light to electrical signal

What year was CT first discovered and introduced?

a. 1960s

b. 1970s

c. 1980s

d. 1895

b. 1970s

What are the different filters available in local processing?

1. spatial frequency filtering

2. spatial location filtering

3. high pass filtering

4. low pass filtering

Computed radiography uses which of the following types of imaging plate?

a. charged couple device

b. amorphous silicon

c. photodetector

d. photostimulable storage phosphor

d. photostimulable storage phosphor

if you increase matrix size, _____________ pixel size and ___________ spatial resolution

decrease; increase

what does quantum mottle look like on an image

grainy

physicists and engineers extract info from which domain?

a. spatial location domain

b. spatial frequency domain

b. spatial frequency domain

Digital radiography uses which of the following types of imaging plates. (more than one)

a. charged couple device

b. black emulsion phosphors

c. amorphous silicon with a thin film transistor

d. photostimulable smart technonlogy

a. charged couple device

c. amorphous silicon with a thin film transistor

What are the two symbols that make up binary code and which one means the current is on and which one means current is off?

0 = off

1 = on

Which mathematical algorithm is applied to change an image from the spatial location domain to the spatial frequency domain

Fourier transformation (FT)

Radiologic technologist and the radiologists view images in which domain?

a. spatial location domain

b. spatial frequency domain

a. spatial location domain

What does geometric processing allow technologists to do?

allows for rotation and magnification

What is the FOV determined by in diagnostic radiology

size of detector

Spatial resolution is determined by what?

pixel size

Number of shades of gray is determined by what?

gray scale bit depth

Allows the system to find useful signals by locating minimum and maximum signals

histogram

Applied to the data that has the standard contrast for a specific exam to give the desired image contrast

look up table

Changes the contrast and brightness of an image on the monitor

windowing

Range of shades of gray that will be displayed

window width

The center of the window width and controls the brightness of an image

window level

Higher contrast - fewer shades of gray

narrow window width

Mathematical calculations are applied to only a small group of pixels

kernal

What are the two different parts that make up the different spatial domains?

1. spatial location

2. spatial frequency

T or F: The human visual range encompasses 32 or fewer shades of gray.

true

T or F: DICOM ensures that all equipment from manufacturers doesn't speak the same language and it also allows images to be transferred between institutions

false

Digital is:

a. data of definite quantities of current

b. reusable detector

c. digital images

d. data of continuously varying electrical currents

a. data of definite quantities of current

T or F: Agfa systems use Log median exposure

true

list 3 imaging processing operations:

1. point processing

2. local processing

3. geometric processing

What does DICOM stand for?

digital imaging and communication in medicine

how many bits are in a byte

8

Each sampled value is computed and assigned a discrete analog value

quanitification

Analog values are measured at a chosen sampling frequency on the waveform

sampling

Series of boxes laid out in rows and columns that gives form to the image

matrix

Individual boxes within the matrix

pixels or picture elements

Three dimensional data point

voxel or volume element

Gray scale bit depth indicates how many __________ a pixel can be.

shades of gray

Why is binary machine language used?

faster, universal language

T or F: Carestream (Kodak) uses EI numbers which are directly related to the exposure reaching the IR

true

DQE is the measurement of the sensitivity and accuracy by which the image receptor converts the incoming data to the output viewing device. Digital radiography has a DQE of what?

0.3 - 0.7, 30% - 70%

What is used to convert binary language from analog to digital language?

analog to digital conversion

Why do you need to be careful when manipulating an image before it's saved to PACS?

loose information

Analog is:

a. Data of definite quantities of current

b. reusable detector

c. digital images

d. Data of continuously varying electrical currents

d. Data of continuously varying electrical currents

Performed between the receipt of the input image from the IR and the output of the image on the monitor

a. local processing

b. geometric processing

c. fourier transformation

d. point processing

d. point processing

Which of the following are the two different Digital Imaging Systems?

a. CR and film

b. CR and DR

c. film and DR

d. DR and PSP

b. CR and DR

Grayscale bit depth ranges from ___ bit to _____ bits

8; 32

T or F: Different manufacturers use different sensitivities and calibrates machines exactly the same so they are easy to compare.

false

List three pros to a fixed kVp system:

1. decrease patient dose

2. reduce tube wear

3. decrease time

For Deviation Index, the target range should be

-0.5 - +0.5

Digital exposure technique systems were created by ___________ in ______

Ed C. Jerman; 1920s

Diagnostic Acuity

Clearness/ sharpness, ability to see detail

Detector Saturation

too much exposure

Target Exposure Indicators

Guidance to baseline for acceptable image

DI

deviation index

+3 DI

excessive overexposure

-1 DI

underexposure

diagnostic yield

the amount of clinically significant information produced

diagnostic efficacy

Faithful representation of the patient on medical image

image fidelity

A different way to express diagnostic yield and efficacy

variable kVp math:

mAs stays same, adjust 2 kVp per cm of subject thickness

fixed kVp math:

kVp remains same, double or half mAs for every 5 cm of subject thickness

Using a fixed kVp system, a AP scapula is performed with a patient measuring 17 cm. Technical factors used are: 80 kVp 12 mAs @ 40 SID. Another patient AP scapula is being performed. This time the patient measures 12cm. What technical factors would be used on the second patient?

80 kVp, 6 mAs

Please put the steps of Establishing an Exposure Technique System in order

clinical trial

theoretical chart extrapolation

continuous quality assurance

phantom test exposures

clinical fine tuning

phantom test exposures

theoretical chart extrapolation

clinical trial

clinical fine tuning

continuous quality assurance

T or F: Grids and collimation are not as important when it comes to image quality in the Digital world

false

Using a fixed kVp system, a AP knee is performed with a patient measuring 12 cm. Technical factors used are: 75 kVp 14 mAs @ 40 SID. Another patient AP knee is being performed. This time the patient measures 27 cm. What technical factors would be used on the second patient?

75 kVp, 112 mAs

Using a variable kVp system, a PA wrist is performed with a patient measuring 6 cm. Technical factors used are: 60 kVp 2 mAs @ 40 SID. Another patient PA wrist is being performed. This time the patient measures 3 cm. What technical factors would be used on the second patient?

54 kVP, 2 mAs

T or F: higher kVp values are recommended with digital detectors

true

Rule: Double or half mAs for every 5cm of subject thickness

fixed kVp system

APR

anatomically programmed radiography

Rule: Adjust kVp 2 cm for every cm of subject thickness

variable kVp system

List a con to fixed kVp systems

increased scatter

T or F: Exposure indicator values are used to monitor radiation exposure

true

Increased resolution happens with a small focal spot size __________ OID, __________ SID, ___________ time, __________ mA

decreased; increased; decreased; increase

PACS was renamed by the FDA to

MIMPS

PACS is referred to as the ___________ in radiology

central hub

Organization that provides standards for interoperability that improve care delivery, workflow, and enhance knowledge

HL-7

Federal law requires that all communications concerning health-care information must have features to safeguard the identity and information

HIPAA

Initiative that promotes the use of DICOM and HL-7 standards

integrating healthcare enterprise (IHE)

Explain why the workflow of a department is so important.

aid in productivity of the department. help with patient satisfaction that they aren't repeating themselves - keep things moving, not duplicating processes

Why is DICOM  a mission-critical component in patient care?

DICOM is how the images are moved from one work station to another, how images are sent from one hospital to another

images viewed on film

hard copy

images viewed on monitor

soft copy

Describes the body of ideas, devices, and processes related to handling multiple types of information

informatics

Encompass BMI platforms used in a healthcare facility and in a radiology department

Hospital Information System (HIS) & Radiology Information System (RIS)

Refers to platforms that are used for medical purposes, such as patient care

biomedical informatics (BMI)

Denotes a BMI platform configured in a manner that facilitates storing, retrieving, and distributing medical images

picture archiving and communication system (PACS)

Name two primary national security standards related to medical data security:

1. HIPAA

2. SAFER

T or F: Service class describes the information about the study and the patient

false

List the 4 Image Quality factors

1. exposure

2. contrast

3. detail

4. distortion

What does image archiving mean?

d. storing the image

Put the Five Phases of the Imaging Process in order:

image is processed

image is displayed

image is acquired

image analysis

image is archived

image is acquired

image is processed

image is archived

image is displayed

image analysis

What is the "rule"

there must be a large enough change to make a visible difference

List the four steps in the diagnostic problem solving process. list in order

1. narrowing the search field

2. hypothesis activation

3. information seeking

4. hypothesis evaluation

In image acquisition: analog refers to 

a. data of continuously varying electrical currents

What does image acquisition mean?

creation of the xray image

If 60 kVp has changed to 120 kVp, beam intensity has:

increased by four times

T or F: A 30% change in exposure is worthy of a second exposure to the patient

false

T or F: Digital brightness refers to the amount of luminescence that occurs in the IP when the reader releases and captures the latent image

false

A large scale contrast image is one that demonstrates ____________ differences between densities and has a ___________ total number of densities

minimal; maximal

30 - 50 kVp requires __ - __ % Change necessary to produce visible change and _-_ kVp Change equal to percent change

4-5%; 1-3