Texas History Final Exam

Native American Resistance

• TX gov. forcibly removes Natives in modern day Oklahoma in 1859

• Kiowa and Comanche continue hit-and-run strikes and abduct white women & children to scare settlers and keep dominance over West TX Plains

• Adopted nomadic lifestyle to be ready for raids

Native Removal and Red River War

• Salt Creek Massacre- Kiowa chief Satanta kills 7 drivers of War Dept.’s supply wagons on its forts of defense→ US Army begins search and destroy missions to remove Natives

• Final Operation: Red River War in NW Texas

• Natives lacked support networks such as factories and farms for long term occupation

Cattle Kingdom

• Cattle trail drives began after CW following the demand for beef

• lasted only 2 decades due to Kansas laws prohibiting TX cattle from entering to slow spread of ticks

Closing of the Open Range

• Open range closes by late 1880s

• Ranchers divided the range with barbed wire fences to maintain the quality of the pastures and cattle

Imagery of Cowboys

• Anglo and black cowboys and vaqueros changed as independent figures who lived on the open rage w/ Indians and outlaws

• Vaqueros became wage laborers

• Pushed by dime novels

TX Frontier Life (late 1800s)

• Wealthy stockrunners and largescale cattlemen were known as “builders” of the TX frontier

• Agricultural reforms due to new Southern migration to TX western frontier: scientific farming and crop rotation

Minority Group Experiences in TX (late 1800s-early 1900s)

• Segregation became the law of the land for over half a century and varied in areas of TX

• Lynching or threats of lynching by loyalists of the defunct KKK became common practice

• Black Texans were concentrated in East TX while Tejanos were mostly in South TX

• Both created newspapers and were supported by mutual aid societies

• Baptist churches became the most influential social force with a membership of over 111,000 to develop leadership

Disfranchisement

• White men’s associations were established in the mid 1880s to use intimidation and election fraud reduce election of Blacks to local offices

• in 1902, TX voters approved of a poll tax disfranchising poor whites and blacks

• White men’s associations also organized in black voter counties and developed all white primaries

Lynching & Impact

• Between the 1880s-1930, TX lynch mobs had killed more than 300 African Americans

• Tejanos were lynched by Whites from accusations of murdering other Whites or suspicions of working with raiders from Mexico

• In the San Elizario Salt War of the late 1870s, Charles Howard sought to monopolize the Guadalupe Salt Lakes and after being arrested was killed in a dispute with Tejano residents, leading to the US Army and TX Ranger reinforcements to get involved and indiscriminately kill innocent Tejanos

African American Response to Lynching

• organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) form to address the ongoing violence of lynching

Tejano Response to Lynching

• Organizations such as the First Mexican Congress sought to address issues of educational exclusion, extralegal justice for Tejanos, and Tejana rights

Changing TX economy during the 1900s

• TX economy begins to diversify by the turn of the century b/c of rapid pop. growth in Houston, Galveston, and San Antonio→ these cities contributed to industrial growth

• Growing lumber industry attracted timber barons

TX Transition from Agriculture to Oil and Natural Gas

• Transition from subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture

• TX discoveries of oil in Spindletop near Beaumont and in Corsicana established new markets and created numerous spin-off industries, attracting entrepreneurs

Current Texas Economy

• in the 1990s, TX’s diverse economy grew the fastest out of the 9 largest states

• in 1988, Alaska replaced TX as the US’s top oil producing state

TX Service & Technology Industries

• Growing retail trade and health services in the 1990s

• Growth in manufacturing with TX being a leader of the nation’s “high tech” revolution” w/ the 2 largest PC manufacturers being based in TX (Dell and Compaq)

Legacy of Civil Rights in TX

• Minorities were stripped of their political strength due to disfranchisement, leaving them subject to de jure segregation

• Social outlets and access to education allowed minority groups to make careers and establish organizations for civil rights advocacy

Fight for Racial Equality (Blacks)

Fight for Racial Equality (Tejanos)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• sought to mobilize black citizenry and raise political awareness

African Americans in the New Deal

Black Power

• Youth Blacks adopted the slogan of “black power” to demand an end to de facto segregation by renouncing nonviolence

• Organizations such as the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and Student Nonviolating Coordinating Committee (SNCC) led college boycotts and abandoned white/black coalitions

Political Association of Spanish speaking Organizations (PASO)

• formed after the “Viva Kennedy” clubs and sought to boost Latino political power and worked alongside other groups such as LULAC and the

Mexican American Youth Organization

• Chicano power (counterpart to Black power movement)

• advocated for a militancy denouncing white society for discrimination against Tejanos

La Raza Unida

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Blacks)

Voting Rights Act of 1965 (Tejanos)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

TX Major Challenges

Racial Inequality in TX (Challenge)

Educational Opportunities in TX (Challenge)

Healthcare Access in TX (Challenge)

Income Inequality in TX (Challenge)