Psych/Soc

shadowing

repeating a message immediately after hearing it, often when a message is simultaneously being presented to the other ear

which hemisphere is responsible for speech processing?

left hemisphere

divided attention

occurs when someone has to focus on multiple things at a time

operant extinction

reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely

instinctual drift

organism reverts back to its innate, instinctual behaviors rather than those promoted through operant conditioning

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

partial reinforcement

behavior is reinforced in intervals

serial positioning effect

the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than the ones in the middle

what improves as a person ages?

crystallized intelligence, semantic memory, emotional reasoning, implicit memories, and recognition

what diminishes as a person ages?

episodic memory, recall, and prospective memory

explicit memories

those we can recall consciously

implicit memories

those we unconsciously recall, like driving a car

episodic memory

type of explicit memory; events and experiences

semantic memory

type of explicit memory; factual information

counterculture

a group whose members adopt cultural patterns in opposition to the larger culture

material culture

refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations

agents of socialization

things that can impress social norms upon an individual (friends, family, etc.)

culture lag

culture takes time to catch up with tech advances

cultural assimilation

process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture

culture shock

feeling of disorientation that occurs when encountering a new culture

cultural transmission

passage of culture from one generation to the next

proximal stimulus

what we actually perceive; changes depending on light

distal stimulus

external physical object/event that reflects light'; unchanging

gestalt similarity

similar elements are perceptually grouped

gestalt proximity

items close together are grouped together

gestalt closure

missing info is filled in to complete a picture

gestalt continuity

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

behaviorist approach

behavior is a response to stimuli

gestalt approach

stimuli perception

humanistic approach

free will is the most important determinant of behavior

cognitive approach

explains human behavior by focusing on the mind and our thoughts

gestalt context

we use prior knowledge and experiences to analyze familiar scenes and objects

discrimination texting

asks individuals to differentiate between stimuli with just noticeable differences

autobiographical memory

recalled from one’s own life

false memory

when people remember events differently from the way they happened or remember things that didn’t happen at all

recovered memory

recalling a memory previously repressed/not remembered

how can you operantly define a subject’s motivational state in operant conditioning?

depriving them of something they love to see their motivations to get it back