Psych/Soc

shadowing

repeating a message immediately after hearing it, often when a message is simultaneously being presented to the other ear

which hemisphere is responsible for speech processing?

left hemisphere

divided attention

occurs when someone has to focus on multiple things at a time

operant extinction

reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely

instinctual drift

organism reverts back to its innate, instinctual behaviors rather than those promoted through operant conditioning

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

partial reinforcement

behavior is reinforced in intervals

serial positioning effect

the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than the ones in the middle

what improves as a person ages?

crystallized intelligence, semantic memory, emotional reasoning, implicit memories, and recognition

what diminishes as a person ages?

episodic memory, recall, and prospective memory

explicit memories

those we can recall consciously

implicit memories

those we unconsciously recall, like driving a car

episodic memory

type of explicit memory; events and experiences

semantic memory

type of explicit memory; factual information

counterculture

a group whose members adopt cultural patterns in opposition to the larger culture

material culture

refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations

agents of socialization

things that can impress social norms upon an individual (friends, family, etc.)

culture lag

culture takes time to catch up with tech advances

cultural assimilation

process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture

culture shock

feeling of disorientation that occurs when encountering a new culture

cultural transmission

passage of culture from one generation to the next

proximal stimulus

what we actually perceive; changes depending on light

distal stimulus

external physical object/event that reflects light'; unchanging

gestalt similarity

similar elements are perceptually grouped

gestalt proximity

items close together are grouped together

gestalt closure

missing info is filled in to complete a picture

gestalt continuity

lines are seen as following the smoothest path

behaviorist approach

behavior is a response to stimuli

gestalt approach

stimuli perception

humanistic approach

free will is the most important determinant of behavior

cognitive approach

explains human behavior by focusing on the mind and our thoughts

gestalt context

we use prior knowledge and experiences to analyze familiar scenes and objects

discrimination texting

asks individuals to differentiate between stimuli with just noticeable differences

autobiographical memory

recalled from one’s own life

false memory

when people remember events differently from the way they happened or remember things that didn’t happen at all

recovered memory

recalling a memory previously repressed/not remembered

how can you operantly define a subject’s motivational state in operant conditioning?

depriving them of something they love to see their motivations to get it back

Psychological disorder

a mental or behavioral pattern causing significant distress to a person or impairing their ability to function within a society

major depressive disorder

having at least one major depressive episode—a 2 week period including 5 or more of the following symptoms: intense sadness and anhedonia (must be present), appetite/weight changes, sleep disturbances, excessive guilt/worthlessness, suicidal ideation, reduced energy, psychomotor symptoms, and attention difficulties

dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)

less intense form of depression occurring for at least 2 years

seasonal affective disorder

major depressive disorder with a regular seasonal pattern of onset

bipolar I

primarily categorized by mania, with depressive episodes that may not reach the threshold for MDD

Bipolar II

primary categorized by depression, with the combination of at least one major depressive episode with hypomania (less intense mania)

cyclothymic disorder

hypomania and less intense depression; similar to BPII

generalized anxiety disorder

disproportionate level of stress and worrying regarding a diverse range of otherwise routine aspects of daily life

social anxiety disorder

intense feelings of stress linked to social situaitons

illness anxiety disorder

excessive concern about medical conditions without any physical symptoms

obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (ritualistic, repetitive behaviors) to ease those obsessions

body-dysmorphic disorder

an obsessive focus on a perceived flaw in one’s appearance that is objectively minor or nonexistent

post-traumatic stress disorder

characterized by a pattern of intrusive recollections or avoidance of stimuli related to the trauma, negative changes in mood and cognition, and altered patterns of reactivity and arousal (need to persist for at least 1 month)

somatic symptom disorder

an excessive preoccupation or focus on a physical symptom

conversion disorder

physical symptoms involving the impairment of sensory or voluntary motor functions that do not appear to have a biological cause (onset usually occurs in the aftermath of a high-stress event)

dissociative identity disorder

an individual has two or more distinct personalities that appear at different times; tends to occur in people who ensure extreme trauma as children

dissociative amnesia

a form of retrograde amnesia in which people lose episodic memories about their own lives

depolarization/derealization disorder

a pattern in which people feel a sense of unreality about their own existence, as if they’re observing themselves and their surroundings from a distance

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

reflect the addition of something extra onto one’s baseline patterns of experiencing and interacting with the world; hallucinations, delusions, catatonia

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

reflect the lack or absence of one’s baseline experience; diminished levels of emotional intensity or initiative

prodromal stage stage of schizophrenia

precedes schizophrenia; a person displays a pattern of poor social adjustment and integration

hallucinations

perception of a non-existent external sensory stimulus

delusions

beliefs that conflict with reality and do not reflect a broader cultural consensus

delusions of persecution

powerful forces are out to get you

delusions of grandeur

believing you are exceptionally great (ranging from just thinking you are really talented to thinking you are God)

delusions of insertion

thoughts can be transmitted into the individuals head

delusions of broadcasting

affected individual’s thoughts are visible to others

delusions of reference

everyday occurrences carry meaning only for the affect person

cluster A personality disorders

paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal

cluster B personality disorders

antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, and borderline

cluster C personality disorders

avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive

paranoid PD

high level of distrust towards others, jealousy, and a tendency to interpret innocent actions as involving malevolent intent

schizoid PD

a marked preference for solitude, a tendency to form few relationships, and an overall tendency towards emotional aloofness, coldness, and a restricted range of emotions

schizotypal personality disorder

intense discomfort in social contexts, but with the addition of unusual beliefs that may be reminiscent of delusions without rising to that level

antisocial PD

a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others, often manifesting in violence, and a lack of remorse

narcissistic PD

pervasive sense of one’s unique talents, brilliance, and attractiveness; shallow, conflict-driven relationships with others

histrionic PD

pattern of flashy, attention-seeking behavior, with exaggerated but perhaps not always fully sincere emotional expressions

borderline PD

tendency for extremely intense, but unstable emotions or moods, as well as a cognitive pattern known as splitting

splitting

being seen as totally good or totally bad, with no gray area

avoidant PD

persistent sense of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to criticism that leads people to avoid social situations or challenges at school or the workplace

dependent PD

a profound need to be taken care of by others; very hard to be alone; elevated vulnerability to abusive relationships

obsessive-compulsive PD

obsessive concern with orderliness, rules, and regulations; perfectionist, controlling, stubborn

causes of schizophrenia

strong genetic component, highly inheritable, excess dopamine

causes of Parkinson’s

cell death in the substantia nigra, leading to reduced dopamine

Alzheimer’s

masses of plaques of beta-amyloid proteins and fibrillary tangles of tau proteins in the brain

spreading activation

suggests that, when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it.

concrete-operational stage

7-12 years old; mastery of conservation

autonomic nervous system

part of peripheral nervous system; branches out into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

peripheral nervous system

splits into the autonomic and the somatic nervous systems

central nervous system

includes the brain and spinal cord

cognitive appraisal

interpretations of different things

cornea

the outermost layer of the front of the eye

choriod

located deep to the sclera

actor-observer bias

actors will attribute their own bad behavior to situational factors, whereas observers will attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors

habituation

reduced responding to a repeating stimulus

optimal arousal theory

optimal performance requires optimal arousal and arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance

general adaptation syndrome

an organism’s stress response always follows a similar course, regardless of the exact nature of the stressor

cerebellum

coordinates motor tasks

network analysis

involves mapping the social relationships that exist among a set of individuals

gentrification

the process in which relatively affluent individuals move into a neighborhood that recently consisted of residents with moderate to low incomso

social support

social network ties that provide an individual with various types of assistance, some of which can improve health or reduce harms

why are triads stronger than dyads?

since a triad is a three person group it is considered more stable because of the additional social tie

conflict theory

views society as composed of different groups competing for scarce resources, power, and social status