Flashcards Purdue HK 258 Exam 1

Motor skills

tasks in which a person must orchestrate his/her effectors (limbs and muscle) to achieve a delineated goal

How are skills performed?

motor control

How are skills acquired?

motor learning

cognitive skills

the person has to know or learn, what to do

examples: chess

motor skills

the person has to learn or know, how to do it

examples: pole vaulting

Why study skills?

1. important for developing training regimes

2. just for the interest in knowing

3. designing human-machine interfaces

4. relearning skills lost due to aging, injury and/or disease

Description vs. explanation

description: what is the US debt?

explanation: why is the US debt so high?

theories

explanations of a particular description

hypotheses

specific expectations how variables are related

components of skills

1. perceiving the relevant environmental information

2. deciding what to do, when to do it

3. organizing instructions to muscles to carry out action to achieve goal

information processing

-stimulus identification

-response selection

-response execution (motor programming)

closed skills

skills performed in a stable and unchanging environment

open skills

skills performed in a changing and unpredictable environment

closed skills examples

gymnastics, archery, typing

open skills examples

wrestling, chasing a rabbit

semipredictable environment

walking a tightrope, steering a car

discrete skills

skills with a clear starting and stopping point

continuous skills

skills with no definite beginning or end

serial skills

a set of discrete skills performed in sequence

discrete skill examples

throwing, a dart, shooting a rifle

serial skill examples

hammering a nail, gymnastics routine

continuous skills

swimming, steering a cart

error score

difference between the performer's score and the goal

precision

how well the typical score is reproduced

bias

a measure of whether the performance tends to be long or short; fast or slow; to the right or to the left

constant error (CE)

sum of (Xi-T)/n

sum of (score-target)/n

absolute error (AE)

sum of (|Xi-T|)/n

sum of |score-target|/n

variable error (VE)

sqrt of sum of (Xi-CE)^2/n

sqrt of sum of (score-average)^2/n

attention

the process of capturing the mind

3 different fashions of attention

1. effort

2. selective

3. limited capacity

Stroop effect

reaction time increases when there is a stimulus that presents a color name, i.e. the word is green but the ink of the word is black

Explain the Stroop effect?

reading and color naming occur in parallel, so when we have the word "green" activating the green response and the color "red" activating the red response, it takes time to resolve the conflict, green in red ink is slower than house in red ink

sustained attention

it is difficult to maintain attention for long periods of time

examples: long distance driving, watching for an event in nuclear power plant

vigilance

events are low probability and thus it is hard to maintain attention for events that might never occur

limited capacity attention

resources needed for a SIMPLE primary task allows for more resources remaining for the secondary task which leads to good secondary task performance

resources needed for a COMPLEX primary task allows for fewer resources remaining for the secondary task which leads to poorer task performance

cocktail party effect

even though you think you are only paying attention to one talker at a party, you are hearing much of the room

your name is important and you respond to your name being heard

psychological refractory period (PRP) effect

the delay in RT2 when S2 appears a small time after S1 is presented

the delay decreases as SoA increases

Welford single channel model

Welford proposed that information processing could only process one stimulus at at time. Thus, when S1 was presented, S2 had to wait until S1 cleared information processing (RT1) to occur

RT2= RT2alone + (RT1-SoA) as long as RT1>SoA

Hick's Law

RT= a+bLog2(N)

example: 2 choices= 250 ms

4 choices= 300 ms

8 choices= ...

16 choices= ...

Linford Christie

Olympic gold medal winner in 100m sprint, disqualified for leaving the blocks 91 ms too early, less than 100 ms is a false start

What does Hick's Law state?

RT increases as the number of choices increases

stimulus-response compatibility

stimulus was vibration of finger to be lifted off a key. choices were between 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8. RT increased from 1 to 2 choices, but there was no increase in RT from 2 to 8 because of the stimulus automatically activated response

What is Hick's Law?

reaction time is linearly related to Log2 (N) which is equal to the number of choices

RT=a+ b (Log2 (N))

simple reaction time

n=1

choice reaction time

n= >2

event anticipation

predicting which event will occur

spatial anticipation

where the event will occur

temporal anticipation

when it will occur

Why does a performer anticipate?

when done correctly, anticipation reduces the number of choices to 1, so it becomes a simple reaction, reducing RT

exteroceptive

information external to the person

examples: vision and audition

proprioception

joint receptors, vestibular apparatus, GTO, muscles spindles, cutaneous receptors

What are the limitations of closed-loop control?

time consuming, errors can accumulate, rapid actions are completed before feedback can be processed

ventral stream

aids in object identification

dorsal stream

aids in motor control

blindsight

present the subjects as being blind, the blind person can navigate the foam obstacles because the dorsal system works; the moving stimulus activates the dorsal system, but the blind cannot do it on command

Keele and Posner

6 inch movement and the T goals were 150, 250, 350, and 450 ms

%target misses were the same for vision and no vision at 150ms

%misses decreased in vision conditions at a greater rate than no vision conditions

found that between 190 and 260 ms was the estimated visual feedback processing time

Zelaznik, Hawkins, and Kisselburgh

compare 100% conditions with 50/50

found that spatial variability was reduced in vision conditions even at 140ms values of T

argued against Keele and Posner and that vision can be used in two ways: rapid processing and time consuming closed loop one

Karlin and Kestenbaum

two different RT2 tasks, a simple RT2 and a choice RT2

in the alone conditions, choice RT was 81ms longer than simple RT

in the dual-task PRP conditions, the difference was only 54ms

Welford thought the 81ms would be the same for both conditions

Kahneman

measured the time interval between R1 and R2, called the IRI

found that this interval was constant at 200 ms at small values of SOA

He argued that the PRP was due to information processing not being able to produce two responses in less than 200 ms; meaning that response execution is serial (cannot produce two different responses at the same time

difference between accuracy and precision?

accuracy is the degree of closeness to a true value; and precision is the repeatability of the measurement, even if it's not close to the true value