lab practical

Equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Formula for carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffering system reaction

CO2 + H2O ← → H2CO3 ← → HCO3- + H+

Amino acid diagram

Polysaccharide diagram

Experimental group

the group of subjects where the independent variable is changed from the normal situation

Independent variable

Variable being altered

Dependent variable

Variable being measured

383 mL =_____kL

.000383 kL

6.385 ng =_____microg

.006385 microg

294km =____cm

29400000cm

Erlenmeyer flask

Control group

The group of subjects that are not given the treatment

Beaker

Express in scientific notation: 12500

1.25 X 10^4

Express and scientific notation: 435

4.35 X 10²

1.75 X 10^-6

.00000175

4.68X10^-1

0.468

Condenser

Focuses and concentrate light on the specimen

Iris diaphragm control

Controls the amount of light transmitted by opening and closing

Revolving nose piece

Rotates to move the object into place

What is the power of the ocular lens on your microscope?

10X

Acid

Increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution when added to water

Base

Decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Buffer

A substance within a solution that helps maintain a particular solution pH when acid or base are added

What is the purpose of cabbage juice in lab three

A pH indicator

What is the Y axis?

pH

What is the X axis?

mL of base and mL of acid added

What is the pH range?

6-8

What is the buffering capacity?

3mL acid and 2mL base

What is Benedict‘s test for?

Reducing sugars

What colors do a positive Benedict test change to?

Green yellow, orange or red

What color is a negative Benedict test?

blue

What does Lugol’s iodine test for?

Starch

What color is a negative Lugol’s iodine test

Amber

What color is a positive Lugol’s iodine test?

Blue

What does Buiret reagent test for?

Proteins

What color is a negative Biuret reagent test?

Blue

What color is a positive Biuret reagent test?

Purple

Dehydration reaction

Links monomer into polymers

Hydrolysis

Breaking polymers into its individual monomers

Hypertonic solution

water leaves the cell crenates

Facilitated diffusion

Proteins help move particles down concentration gradient

Isotonic solutions

water flows evenly inside and outside the cell

Hypotonic solution solutions

water enters the cell, lyse

Active transport

Transport of particles against concentration gradient

Plasmolysis

Shrinking of a plant cell

Crenation

Shrinking of an animal cell

Lysis

Rupturing of an animal cell

Turgid

Plant cell in hypotonic solution

What is the X axis?

Time

what is the Y axis?

Absorbance

What is the course of an enzyme catalyzed reaction?

The substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site and a product is formed. The enzyme returns to its original state ready for another round of catalysis

How do you calculate the rate of reaction?

change in Absorbance / change in time

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Temperature pH and salt concentration

Summary equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 32ADP + 32Pi + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 32ATP

Metabolism

All chemical reactions taking place in a cell

Catabolism

Reactions involved in the release of energy

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that build larger more complex molecules from smaller ones

What is the final electron accepter in aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What is the final electron accepter in anaerobic respiration?

Inorganic molecule, other than oxygen

What is the final electron accepter in fermentation?

organic molecule often pyruvate

What is the rate of fermentation?

The volume of CO2 produced divided by the change in time

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A to T and C to G

What is the central dogma of biology?

Genetic information travels from DNA to RNA to protein by the process of transcription and translation

Base substitution

One nucleotide base is replaced by a different base in the DNA sequence

Frameshift mutation

Genetic change caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in a DNA sequence

Polymorphism

Different variations of a gene that result in slightly different protein products expressed in a population

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

DNA replication in a test tube, focusing on making copies of only one region we are interested in, not the whole chromosome.

What are the steps of PCR?

Denaturation, annealing, extension

What is denaturation?

Breaking the hydrogen bonds and unzipping the DNA strand

Annealing

Cooling so that short matching DNA pieces called primers can bind to the targeted single strands

Extension

The primers get extended by a DNA polymerase that makes a new piece of DNA that is complementary to the temple strand

Restriction enzyme

An enzyme that recognizes a specific short DNA sequence and cuts the DNA at or near that sequence

How is a restriction enzyme used in biotechnology?

To cut DNA samples to determine our own genotype

How do you determine the size of a DNA fragment using electrophoresis?

Smaller fragments of DNA move at a faster rate so they are further away from the wells

Mendel’s law of segregation

During mitosis two alleles of a gene present in an individual randomly separate into different gametes

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

The leaves of each gene separate into gametes independent of how the alleles of the other gene separates

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles

In pea plants round peas are dominant to wrinkle peas and yellow pea color is dominant to green pea color. Answer the questions below for a cross, where both P plants are heterozygous for both traits. What are the potential mites produced by each parent? What is the genotype and phenotype of all the F1 offspring?

9:3:3:1