AP Psychology Unit 0

Psychology

The scientific study of be and behavior mental process

Scientific Method

Hypothesis, Collect Data, Analyze

Goals of Psychology

Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control

Wilhem Wundt

Structuralism/ Introspection (a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system.)

William James

Functionalism (Brains function is to help us survive)

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalyst (Interpret feelings of the unconscious mind)

Sir Francis Galton

Focus on heredity and how it influences a person’s ability’s character and behavior

Epigenetics

Nature and Nurture working together (Cannot work alone)

Ivan Pavlov, Jhon Watson, B.F Skinner

Behaviorism (Focuses on the observable behavior)

Abraham Maslow

Humanism (Focuses on studying observable behavior and argue that human minds can change the world and be the best person possible.

Cognitive Psychology

Considering many factors when making decisions or solving problems (The present state of things vs. possibility of change in the future)

Biological Psychology

Emphasizes influence of bio on behavior, looks at th4e four connection sin events in brain and behavior an mental process

Sociocultural Perspective

Examines the differences between nature vs nurture, how we behave is influences by social norms, fads, ethnicity, gender, class, differences etc.

Evolutionary Perspective

Our minds work through the same process of natural selection theorized by Darwin.

Industrial Organizational Psychology

Employee satisfaction, motivation, managerial skills

Psychiatric social worker

focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse. m

Naturalistic Observation

Observer Effect- When we know we are being watched we change our behavior. Naturalistic Observation is observation in one’s normal environemnt.

Participant Observation

Observer becomes a member of the group (Observer Bias may occur)

Case Studies/ Surveys

Learn about one individual in a case study, results can’t be applied to other people

Representative Sample

Random selection of certain people, Courtesy Bias- giving the answer you think people want to hear

Independent Variable

What is being changed

Dependent Variable

Result of the treatment on the individual variable

Placebo Effect

result where a person belief in a drug rather that the effects of the drug itself.

Experimenter Effect

Expectations of the experimenter, they give us clues as to how the subjects are expected to react.

Correlation

Measure of relationship between two or more variables

Correlation coefficient

Direction of the relationship strength

Measure of Central Tendency

The number best represents the central part of a frequency distribution

Mean

Average- affected by outliers

Normal Distribution

The mean, median and mode are very similar

Skewed Distributions

Mean is pulled in the direction of the tail of the distribution, mode is still the highest point, median is between the two

Stander Deviation

The square root of the average squared difference, or deviation of the scores from the mean of the distribution. One Standard Deviation away is 34.13 prevent from the mean.