Plant and Animal Responses in Space

Level 3 Biology Study!

_______ are directional responses of plants involving growth

tropisms

are tropisms or nastic responses directional?

tropisms

_______ are non-directional responses of plants

nastic responses

tropisms towards an external _______ are _______

stimulus, positive

tropisms away from an external _______ are _______

stimulus, negative

are tropisms in plants irreversible or permanent?

permanent

are tropisms in plants quick or slow?

slow

tropisms are controlled by the _______ hormone

auxin

auxin is fount in _______ of roots and stems

tips

auxin is photo_______, hydro_______ and thigmo_______

phobic, phyllic, phobic

auxin is a _______, so it is “_______”, and pulled down by _______

protein, heavy, gravity

in a stem, a high concentration of auxin _______ growth

stimulates

in a root, a high concentration of auxin _______ growth

inhibits

auxin stimulates growth in _______ by allowing cell walls to _______, therefore _______ the cells

stems, stretch, elongate

_______- means light

photo

_______- means water

hydro

_______- means chemical

chemo

_____- / _______- means gravity

geo, gravi

_______- means touch

thigmo

_______- means fish swimming against the current

rheo

are nastic responses in plants quick or slow?

quick

are nastic responses in plants irreversible or permanent?

reversible

nastic responses are due to changes in _______ _______

turgor pressure

are nastic responses or tropisms controlled by the hormone auxin?

tropisms

to form a nastic response, __⁺ ions get _______ _______ into _______ cells (inner/outer), making them _______

K, actively pumped, outer, hypertonic

water moves from _______ cells, making them _______, into _______ cells, making them _______. this causes the flaccid cells to _______ and the leaf to fold inwards

hypotonic, flaccid, hypertonic, turgid, collapse

_______ is the singular for taxes

taxis

_______ are directional responses of an animal

taxes

_______ are non-directional responses of an animal

kineses

are taxes or kinesis directional?

taxes

are taxes rapid or slow?

rapid

are taxes learned or innate?

innate

taxes and tropisms move a/an _______ or _______ towards _______ conditions and away from _______ conditions

animals, plants, favourable, harmful

kineses are in response to changes in _______ of an environmental _______

intensity, stimulus

kineses can be change in _______ of movement or _______

rate, turning

are kineses innate or learned?

innate

_______kinesis is movement, but not in circles

ortho

_______kinesis is turning

klino

homing is the ability of an animal to _______ over _______ terrain to its “_______” on a _______ basis

return, unfamiliar, home, regular

homing recurs _______ or annually

daily

all animals must _______ using _______ _______ to find their way over unfamiliar terrain

navigate, environmental cues

navigation is _______

innate

success rate of navigation can be improved by _______

experience

navigation requires a sense of

• _______, which is an internal _______

• _______, which is a biological _______

• _______, where the animal is _______ from

direction, compass, timing, clock, direction, starting

_______ can be used for navigation, by identifying geographical features

landmarks

_______ navigation uses an animal’s _______ sun as a compass, and must also use a biological _______ to compensate for sun _______, both _______ and between _______

solar, angle, clock, movement, daily, seasons

_______ navigation uses patterns of the _______, and also requires a biological _______

stellar, stars, clock

animals in the northern hemisphere often use the (north) _______ _______ for stellar navigation, while animals in the southern hemisphere use the _______ _______ _______

Pole Star, South Celestial Pole

_______ navigation uses sound _______, known as _______ (bats, dolphins etc.)

sonar, reflection, echolocation

_______ navigation uses tiny deposits of _______ or lodestone in the heads (especially of migratory birds) to detect Earth’s _______ _______ _______

magnetic, magnetite, magnetic field lines

_______ navigation uses pheromones or scent trails

chemical

most _______ birds primarily use _______ navigation during the day, _______ navigation at night, and _______ navigation when the sky is obscured from view

migratory, solar, stellar, magnetic

landmarks cannot be used for navigation when travelling over _______, or other areas of monotonous landscape

oceans

an orientation response is a _______ movement made in response to an _______ _______; _______ is a movement from a _______ point to a _______, using _______ cues which enable the animal to _______ on _______, even over _______ terrain

directional, external stimulus, navigation, starting, destination, environmental, stay, course, unfamiliar

_______ is the an active, regularly _______ movement of a whole _______ from one geographic location to another

migration, repeated, population

_______ migration is a/an _______ cycle, from b_______ grounds to f_______ (or “_______”) grounds

return, annual, breeding, feeding, overwintering

return migration does not have to occur annually, and may occur at other stages of an animal’s _______ cycle

life

a _______ of methods of navigation is required for migration

combination

_______ grounds are intermediate locations during migration for rest and food

staging

an animal may take a different route to and from overwintering grounds during migration due to _______ _______

prevailing winds

migration is _______ activated due to _______ (and likely a component of _______, too)

innately, photoperiod, temperature

to prepare for migration, animals lay down _______ deposits

fat

to prepare for migration, birds _______ feathers and replace with new ones, especially those used for _______ to increase efficiency

moult, flying

innate timing cues are important for long migrations to sync with _______ cycles, as young must be strong and able to travel

breeding

to prepare for migration, animals _______ to build muscle and strength

exercise

_______ must outweigh _______ for a response to persist

benefits, costs

selective advantages of migration include:

• favourable c_______ and h_______ (avoiding uninhabitable conditions)

• abundant _______ and _______ hours

• increases chances of _______ surviving

climate, habitat, food, daylight, young

disadvantages of migration include:

• a huge _______ to travel requires a large amount of _______, aided by _______ deposits prior to migration

• harsh _______ conditions increase risk

• _______ failure may lead to animals becoming lost

• _______ may be a risk en route

• conditions are not guaranteed to be better!

distance, energy, fat, weather, navigation, predation

_______ have an influence on migration:

• hunting / whitebaiting / duck shooting

• u_______ in Asian _______ grounds

• _______ destruction

• h_______ used in farming

• _______ change, decreasing predictability of weather patterns and changing habitats

humans, urbanisation, staging, habitat, herbicides, climate