History Midterm

Booker T. Washington

Influential African American leader at the start of the Progressive Era. Delivered the speech known as the Atlanta Compromise, urging African Americans to focus on self-improvement rather than preoccupy themselves with civil rights.

Freedmen’s Bureau

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, which was created in 1865 to ease Black peoples’ transition from slavery to freedom.

14th Amendment

Guaranteed equal protection under the law for African Americans, effectively ended slavery. Addressed citizenship rights and equal protections.

15th Amendment

Extended the right to black men the right to vote, provided the universal manhood suffrage — the right of all men to vote — crucially identified black men, including those who had been enslaved, as deserving the right to vote.

Black Codes

Discriminatory laws some southern states designed to maintain White supremacy by keeping freed people impoverished and in debt.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court decision that established the concept of “Separate but equal”, which gave legal sanction to segregated school systems.

Little Big Horn

A famous battle of the American West where a Hunkpapa Lakota chief known as Sitting Bull urged Native Americans from neighboring tribes to join his men in defense of their lands against the 7th calvary led by Colonel George Custer. This occurred after the Treaty of Fort Laramie was violated as white prospectors found gold on the land.

Wounded Knee

An attempt to disarm a group of Lakota people near Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which resulted in members of the Seventh Calvary of the U.S. Army opening fire and killing over 150 Lakota.

Helen Hunt Jackson

Was sympathetic to the Native Americans, was in support of the Dawes Severalty Act because she believed that the tribes would only survive through assimilation. Author that wrote “a century of dishonor”, which exposed the mistreatment and injustice of Native Americans by the U.S. Government.

Dawes Severalty Act

Named after a reformer and senator from Massachussetts, a law that permitted the federal government to divide the lands of any tribe and grant 160 acres of farmland of 320 of grazing land to each head of family, with lesser amounts to single persons and others. Permitted the federal government to hold an individual Native American’s newly acquired land in trust for 25 years before they could obtain the full title and be granted citizenship rights that land ownership entailed. Barren land was given to Native Americans while the surplus land was saved for white settlers.

Homestead Act

Allowed any head of household or individual over the age of 21, including unmarried women, to receive a parcel of 160 acres of land for a small fee. Recipients were to improve the land over the course of 5 years.

Grange Movement

A movemet under the Patrons of Husbandry, also known as the Grange. Intended to support farmers and exact change through a collective voice.

Populism

This political movement gained momentum in the late 19th century, evolved from the Farmers' Alliance, and can exist on both the right and the left, but is recognizable by its grassroots beginnings and emphasis on the failures of other political parties/system as the cause of the issues of the people

Knights of Labor

A labor movement founded that welcomed all wage workers under the “One Big Union” philosophy.

AFL

American Federation of Labor. A group of twenty craft unions that met to organize a national federation of autonomous craft unions.

Haymarket Riot

A meeting that occurred to denounce the deaths of striking workers in rallies that had taken place. Police showed up and following a order to disperse, someone in the crowd threw a bomb and killed a police officer.

Pullman Strike

Failed strike originally meant to protest the firing of workers and cutting of wages. Workers stopped handling trains with Pullman cars on them. Federal troops were eventually sent in to ensure mail delivery.

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer’s theory, based upon Charles Darwin’s scientific theory, which held that society developed much like plant or animal life through a process of evolution in which the most fit and capable enjoyed the greatest material and social success.

J.P. Morgan

Financier. Owner of U.S. Steel Corporation, General Electric.

WCTU

Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Group that brought attention to the prohibition of liquor.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Passed by Congress in 1890, the primary federal law in the United States that prohibits monopolies, cartels, and other collusive business practices that unreasonably restrain free trade and interstate commerce

Mann Act

a U.S. federal law that makes it a felony to transport any individual across state lines or international borders for the purpose of prostitution, sexual acts, or any other "immoral purpose

Social Gospel

a late 19th- and early 20th-century Protestant movement that applied Christian ethics to industrial-era problems

Hull House

a famous settlement house founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in Chicago in 1889. It provided educational, social, and childcare services to working-class immigrants, serving as a launching pad for Progressive Era reforms like labor rights, public health, and women's suffrage.

Women’s Suffrage

Tenements

Red Scare

Alfred Thayer Mahan

was a United States Navy officer and historian whom John Keegan called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century.

The Maine

Its sinking killed over 260 American crew members and became the catalyst for the Spanish-American War under the rallying cry, "Remember the Maine!"

Teller Amendment

a 1898 joint resolution passed by the U.S. Congress prior to the Spanish-American War

Platt Amendment

established the terms under which the United States would end its military occupation of Cuba

Upton Sinclair

was an American author, muckraker journalist, and political activist, and the 1934 Democratic Party nominee for governor of California. He wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) is the largest and most influential grassroots civil rights organization in the United States. Founded in 1909, it is dedicated to ending racial discrimination, promoting equity, and ensuring the political, educational, social, and economic equality of all people

W.E.B. DuBois

was an American sociologist, writer, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community.

16th Amendment

grants Congress the authority to levy and collect federal income taxes from any source without having to divide those taxes among the states according to their populations

17th Amendment

established the direct popular election of U.S. senators by the citizens of each state

Bull Moose Party

officially known as the Progressive Party, was a short-lived US political faction founded in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt. It emerged after Roosevelt failed to secure the Republican presidential nomination against his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft.

Margeret Sanger

was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. She opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, founded Planned Parenthood, and was instrumental in the development of the first birth control pill.

Espionage Act

a federal law that criminalizes the unauthorized gathering, transmission, or loss of national defense information. Originally passed during World War I to prevent sabotage and interference with military operations,

Lusitania

Wilson’s 14 Points

National Origins Act

a highly restrictive U.S. federal law that established quotas limiting the annual number of immigrants.

John T. Scopes

was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925, with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee schools. He was trialed in a case known as the Scopes trial and was found guilty and fined $100.

Calvin Coolidge

30th president of the United States, serving from 1923 to 1929. A Republican lawyer from Massachusetts, he had served as the 29th vice president from 1921 to 1923, under President Warren G. Harding, and as the 48th governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921.

100% Americanism

a fervent political and cultural ideology that emerged in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reaching its peak during World War I and the 1920s. It demanded the rapid assimilation of immigrants and the total rejection of Old World languages, cultures, and loyalties