Chemistry CPE Reviewer (Q1)

sterilization

the process of completely destroying or eliminating all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores

common methods of sterilization

heat, radiation, and chemical sterilization

density

the amount of mass contained in a given volume

formula for density

density = mass/volume

common units of density

g/cm³, g/ML, and kg/m³

high density

large amount of mass packed into a small amount of space

thallium-201

mainly used for heart imaging and examining blood flow to the heart

technetium-99m

widely used for medical imaging, including imaging of bones, heart, kidneys, lungs, and other organs

iodine-131

radioisotope that is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism

gamma knife

a radiation-treatment system that uses many focused beams of gamma radiation to treat certain brain tumors and other abnormalities

radiation

damages the DNA of targeted cells, preventing them from continuing to grow and divide

plutonium-238

• a power source for spacecraft, where its radioactive decay produces heat that can be converted into electricity

• NOT a cancer tracer

fluorine-18

• used for PET imaging, including helping detect and evaluate cancer

• can be attached to a tracer that shows areas of increased metabolic activity

radioactive fallout

radioactive material released into the environment after a nuclear accident, explosion, or other nuclear event

iodine-131 fallout

thyroid absorbs iodine, so radioactive iodine can accumulate in the thyroid and increase health risks

amerecium-241

• radioactive isotope used in devices such as smoke detector and in certain industrial applications

• needs proper disposal because it remains radioactive and must be safely controlled to prevent unnecessary exposure and contamination

tritium

• radioactive isotope of hydrogen, written as H-3

• acts as a tracer to study grounwater movement and age

carbon-14 dating

• used to determine the approximate age of once-living materials

• decreases through radioactive decay after an organism dies, allowing scientists to estimate its age

cobalt-60

• a radioactive isotope that emits gamma radiation

• used for cancer radiotherapy, sterilization of medical equipment, and some industrial applications

carbon-14 and uranium-238

naturally occurring isotopes

uranium-238

• naturally found in rocks and minerals

• useful for studying and dating very old geological materials

isotopes

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

alkali metals

what is group 1 called

halogens

what is group 17 called

noble gases

what is group 18 called

volume

the amount of space occupied by an object

v = l x w x h

formula for the volume of a rectangular object

common units of volume

cm³, m³, mL and L

accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

precision

how close repeated measurements are to each other (common value)

water displacement

used for finding the volume of an irregularly shaped object

group

a vertical column on the periodic table

period

a horizontal row on the periodic table

7

the amount of periods in a periodic table

18

the amount of groups in a periodic table

hunds rule

electrons fill orbitals of equal energy one at a time before they pair up

aufbau principle

electrons fill lower-energy orbitals before higher-energy orbitals

1s

subshells in n = 1

2s, 2p

subshells in n = 2

3s, 3p, 3d

subshells in n = 3

4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

subshells in n = 4

potassium

what is K

group 1

what group is K (Potassium) in

1

how many valence electrons does K have

bromine

what is Br

17

what group is Br (bromine) in

7

how many valence electrons does Br have

atomic mass behavior from Na to Cl

generally increases from left to right across period 3