Chapter Four Lessons 1 and 2 Material

farming

this replaces hunting and gathering as the main food source

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)

began around 8000 B.C.E. and lasted until about 4000 B.C.E.

Agricultural Revolution

the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

revolution

a change that has a huge effect on people's way of life

wheat and barley

two of the first crops farmers grew

pigs and cows

two of the first animals that were domesticated in the New Stone Age

steady food supply

This led to early people settling in villages

population growth

this resulted from having a steadier food supply from farming

communities

these formed as a result of people living more permanently in one place

Southwest Asia

where most of the biggest and earliest farming communities were located in the world

Turkey

the modern day country where Catalhuyuk was located

Bronze Age

a period in human history, beginning around 3000 B.C. in some areas, during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons

artisans

skilled workers who make goods by hand

cattle

one of the domesticated animals of the Neolithic Age

bronze

a mixture of copper and tin

river valley civilizations

the earliest civilizations that developed around rivers for the fresh water supply and the fertile land ex-: Tigris-Euphrates (Mesopotamia), Nile (Egypt), Indus (India), Huang He or Yellow River, and the Chang Jiang River (China)

cities and governments

one of the characteristics of a civilization that brought order, organization, and protection

religions

belief systems that were another characteristic of an early civilization

social structure

how each society is organized and another characteristic of a civilization

writing and art

a characteristic of a civilization that included forms of expression

buffalo

one of the animals early humans hunted

berries

fruits grown in the wild; gathered by early humans

traps

tools used by early humans to help hunt animals

flint

hard stone that was used for making some tools that early humans used

needles

used by early humans to make nets, baskets, and clothes

caves

shelter used by people of the Paleolithic Age

fire

used for warmth, light, cooking, chasing away animals, and scaring away animals

spoken language

this began in the Paleolithic Age to help people communicate information and emotions

cave paintings

paintings on cave walls and ceilings from prehistoric times; most showed animals

hunter-gatherers

people who hunted animals and gathered wild plants for food

glaciers

huge, slow moving sheets of ice

land bridge

a strip of land connecting two continents, allowed Stone Age people to migrate around the world

fatty diet

this type of diet helped people living in and facing the dangerous conditions of the ice ages

ice ages

long periods of freezing weather

animal skins

clothing during the Ice Age was made out of this

90,000 years

how long the last ice age lasted