CRYSTALS, CASTS ETC. | Quizlet

Squamous epithelial cells

From urinary bladder

If more rounded, transitional stages coming from deeper layers of urinary bladder

Caudate epithelial cells

tail on end of cell (pathology in the ureters), due to inflammation due to increased production and shedding of epithelial cells

What do waxy casts indicate?

Pathology - liver

What do cellular casts degrade to?

Granular casts.

Found in low numbers, high numbers = pathology

When are cellular casts found?

UTI - low numbers

Hyaline casts during high protein, high numbers content indicates?

glomerular nephritis

Low numbers of hyaline casts indicate?

NOT SIGNIFICANT

What are cylindrical casts?

formed from proteins and cells which bind together in the lumen of the bladder

Cystein crystals

- bacterial UTI

- hard to find, disappear quickly

- low clinical significance

Calcium Carbonates

- no clinical significance

- always in livestock

Ammonium biurate cyrstals

- thorny apple crystals

- liver problems

- pathological except in Dalmatians and Boxers

Leukocytes

- value 0-3 per LPF

- 3+ Leukosuria = Pathological

What is the normal value of erythrocytes per LPF?

- less than 3 is normal

Can urine have semen after castration?

yes, urine can have semen for 2-3 after castration, even with chemical castration

High urobilinogen in urine indicates?

Haemolysis

Pathological glucosuria occurs?

Diabetes mellitus, Falconi syndrome, acute pancreatitis

Physiological glucosuria occurs?

late pregnancy, stressed cats, some antibiotics/ medications

How is glucosuria tested?

dipstick analysis

Ketones indicate?

diabetes, acidosis

When does haemoglobinuria occurs?

All haemolysis - haemolytic anaemias

v. dangerous for kidneys

Physiological haemoglobinuria occurs?

Animals in heat

What method of urine collection will have low/no proteinuria?

cystocentesis

A more alkaline pH of urine in domestic animals can lead to?

stones and obstruction

What proteins in equine urine cause foam in the urine and whiteness of their sweat?

Tom Horsevul proteins

Urine analysis may be based on?

- colour

- odour

- specific gravity

- viscosity

Best method to measure polyuria?

Specific gravity

Decreased specific gravity occurs?

- water surplus

- glomerular nephritis

- DI

- pyelonephritis

Increased specific gravity occurs?

- fever

- dehydration

- severe hemorrhage

Cattle and horses produce how many L of urine daily?

5-6 litres

Define specific gravity?

Ability to concentrate the urine

Stonguria

painful urination

Anuria

few drops of urine

Stage 1 KF?

- decreased renal reserve

- mild polyuria without azotemia

Stage 2 & 3 KF?

- renal insufficiency and renal failure

- polyuria & azotemia

Stage 4 KF?

- Oliguria

- anuria

- azotemia

Acute kidney failure?

sudden loss of kidney function, may reverse the problem

Can cystocentesis be done in both males and females?

yes

Name three main methods of urine collection?

- free catch

- cystocentesis

- cats - non absorbable litter

When are the ureters palpable?

when they are inflamed - feel like hand wires

What kidney is palpable in the cow?

left kidney via rectal

BARF diet may cause?

hypercalcemia and hyperoxylaemia

Different between struvites and monohybrids? (ammonium oxalates)

in struvites theres an edge which is not present in monohybridds