Chem Exam 1

l=0

s, 1 orbital

l=1

p, 3 orbitals

l=2

d, 5 orbitals

l=3

f, 7 orbitals

Calculatiing ml (number of orbitals from l value)

2l + 1

s

p

d

f

radial nodes

spherical nodes that have a change of phase on the orbital axis

node calculation

n-1

dxy

four lobes in x

dz²

dyz

dxz

dxy

dx²-y²

electron notation rules

l<n, l=letter, ml is whole number range of l

de broglie wavelength

h/mv kg, m, s

radial node

spherical where finding electron probability is zero

planar node

symmetry

angular node

cone + planar

increasing wavelength

gamma rays, x-rays, ultra-violet, visible light (purple to red), infrared, radio waves

increasing energy

radio waves, infrared, visible light (red to purple), ultra violet, x rays, gamma rays

excited state

electron move to higher orbital

John Dalton

-elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms

-atoms of the same element are identical, but differ from those of other elements

-combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds

-chemical rxn does not change atoms of one element to a different one, just rearrange

JJ Thompson

Discovered electrons by deflecting bean in cathode ray tube, plum pudding, postive mass with equal negative

Ernest Rutherford

protons, most of mass in center of atom at nucleus, gold foil experiment, most of space in atom is empty,

Robert Millikan

oil drop experiments, microscopic oil droplets electrically charged by friction, fell from gravity, but could be altered by electric field, found charge on drops to get fundamental charge of electron

Nagaoka

saturn like, positive surrounded by ring of negative

isomers

same molecular formula but different structural

Newton

white light is combo of all colors (prism experiment), “corpuscular” view: light composed of stream of tiny particles travelling at high speeds

Thomas Young

light passing through narrow slits=interference patternsm can’t be explained in particles but in waves

James Clerk Maxwell

electromagnetic radiation, light is visible over vast spectrum of waves, partocle view discredited

wave particle duality

oscillation/ periodic movement, can transport energu, dont’t need to be restricted to travel through matter, contain electric field oscillating with perpendicular magnetic field

-can travel through vacuum at speed of light

quantization

energy only in discrete amounts, ex. quantum levels

inherent uncertainty

cannot know position and momentum of electron

aufbau principle

electrons fill lowest energy orbitals first before moving on to higher energy orbitals

Hund’s rule

electrons will singly occupy orbitals with same spin before putting two in same orbital

Pauli Exclusion Principle

two electrons cannot have the exact same set of quantum numbers

group 1

alkali metal

group 2

alkaline earth metals

group 15

Pnictogen

group 16

chalogens

group 17

halogens

group 18

noble gasses

interference

interaction of two waves, can be constructuve (crests align) or destructive (do not align), when trough align with crest: cancel each other

diffraction

waves bend around corners when opening similar to wavelength, can create pattern

photoelectric effect

electrons ejected when light of specific frequency strikes a metal, only light above threshold frequency can eject, increasing intensity increases number of electrons emitted but does not change kinetic energy

frequency changes velocity at which electrons ejected

intensity changes number of electrons ejected

standing waves

wavelength: 2L/n

1st harmonic: 2 nodes

blackbody radiation

emits radiation based on temperature, absorbs all electromagnetic radiation, continuous spectrum, hotter objects are bluer

ultraviolet catastrophe: classical physics predicted that a blackbody would emit infinite energy at short wavelengths, resolved by planck saying energu is quantized (discrete packets of energy)

line spectra

sharp, discrete lines, electrons moving between energy levels

emission lines: bright

absorption lines: dark

electron

outside nucleus, negative charge, smallest mass

proton

smaller mass than neutron (slightly), positive charge

neutron

largest mass by a little bit, neutral charge