biology study

Carbohydrates role in ATP production.

Most commonly broken down for ATP. It does not provide the largest amount of ATP.

Lipids role in ATP production.

They provide and store the largest amount of energy. Fat stores about 80% of the energy in our body. When fats are broken down, they yield the most ATP.

Proteins role in ATP production.

Less likely to be broken down. Amino acids that cells breakdown to make ATP or needed to build new proteins more than there needed for energy.

What is chemosynthesis?

A process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy storing carbon based molecules.

What carbon based molecules can be broken down to create atp?

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

what are producer organisms?

They produce the source of chemical energy for themselves and other organisms.

What is the function of photosynthesis?

To convert solar energy to chemical energy.

or

A process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy.

What is chlorophyll?

Molecule in chloroplasts that absorb some of the energy in visible light.

What are chloroplasts?

Membrane bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants.

Which two parts of a chloroplasts does photosynthesis take place in?

Grana and stroma.

What's the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6 + 602.

What's the difference between light dependent and light independent reactions?

Light independent reactions do not require light. Light dependent reactions do require light.

What is step one of photosynthesis?

Energy from the sun is absorbed. Water molecules are broken down and oxygen is released.

Step 2 of photosynthesis.

Energy carrying molecules, including ATP transfer energy.

Step 3 of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide molecules are used to build sugars.

Step 4 of photosynthesis.

6 carbon simple sugars are produced.

Which light reaction comes first?

Light dependent reactions, then light independent reactions.

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplasts.

What happens during light dependent reactions?

Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and water molecules are broken down.

What happens during light independent reactions?

Energy from the light dependent reactions is used to build sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.

What is the function of the light dependent reactions?

To capture and transfer energy from Sunlight.

What are photosystems?

Two groups of molecules that capture and transfer energy in the cycloid during light dependent reactions.

What molecules carry energy to the light independent reactions?

Photosystems.

Seven steps of light dependent reactions.

Energy is absorbed from sunlight. Water molecules are broken down. Hydrogen ions are transported across the cycloid membrane. Energy is absorbed from somewhere. NADPH is produced when electrons are added to NADP+. Hydrogen ions diffuse through reporting channel. ATP is changed to ATP one. Hydrogen atoms flow through ATP synthase.

What is the function of the Calvin cycle?

To make simple sugars.

What are the four steps of the Calvin cycle?

Carbon dioxide is added. 3 carbon molecules are formed. 3 carbon molecules exit. 3 Carbon molecules are recycled.

What's at each step of the Calvin cycle?

Enzymes.

What two things are needed in the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH. they were made before during the light dependant reactions

What do ATP and NADPH provide in the Calvin cycle?

ATP provides energy and NADPH provides electrons and hydrogens needed to build sugars. .

What reactions is the Calvin cycle a part of?

Light dependent reactions.

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

In the stroma of the chloroplasts, which is the fluid filled space outside the thylakoid membranes

carbon gained and lost?

for every carbon molecule that goes into the calvin cycle, one g3p molecule leaves.

Calvin Cycle.

1st. Rubisco. Takes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. And adds a carbon molecule to A5 carbon molecule called Rupp which then turns it into a six carbon molecule. That 6 carbon molecule then gets rearranged and split and energy gets added to it to become two sets of three carbon molecules called PGA. These molecules are smaller and higher energy. That PGA then gets phosphorylated by ATP and turns into G3P. After two or three carbon enter the calvin cycle, 1 G3P, leave the Calvin cycle. after two 3 carbon molecules leave they bond together to create a six carbon sugar like glucose. the remaining molecules are changed back into 5 carbon molecules to repeat the cycle.

Light dependent reactions steps

1, energy is absorbed from sunlight. 2, water molecules are broken down. 3, Hydrogen ions are transported across the cell liquid membrane for energy is absorbed from sunlight 5 NADPH is produced when electrons are added to NAD. P + . 6, Hydrogen arms diffuse through a protein channel, and 7,ADP is changed to ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase.

What is cellular respiration?

The process that converts sugar like glucose into ATP using oxygen.

Just cellular respiration require oxygen.

Yes, it is an aerobic process.

Where do aerobic stages take place?

In the mitochondria.

What are the aerobic stages?

The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

What are the three steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis. The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.

Where does glycolosis take place?

Cytoplasm.

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

2

does glycolysis require oxygen.

No, it's an anaerobic process.

Steps of glycolysis.

Step 1-2 ATP generate A glucose. Step 2 Pyruvate and NADPH molecules are formed.

step one of glycolysis

Two ATP generator glucose. The glucose molecule is split into two 3 carbon molecules. Enzymes in chemical reactions rearrange the three carbon molecules.

step two of glycolysis

Step 2. Pyruvate and NADH molecules are formed. The energized electrons from the three carbon molecules or transferred to NAD plus molecules and NADH is then formed. A series of reactions converts the three carbon molecules to pyruvate. Pyruvate and NADH then enter cellular respiration when oxygen is present and four ATP molecules are made. Two of the four ATP molecules are used to split glucose

What is the function of fermentation?

Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen. It allows glycolysis to continue. Whrn oxygen isnt avalible because when theres no oxygen the etc stops.

What are the products of glycolysis?

To pyruvate. For ATP, but two are used to split glucose, so only two are gained. And two NADH molecules.

What does fermentation do?

Converts pyruvate to lactic acid or alcohol. Uses up NADH and regenerates NAD +. That NAD+goes back to glycolysis, allowing it to keep producing ATP.

What are the two types of fermentation?

Alcoholic and lactic acid.

Alcoholic fermentation.

Alcoholic fermentation. Happens when no oxygen's available. Its main purpose is to regenerate NAD+. And it happens in yeast in some bacteria.

Steps of alcoholic fermentation.

Step one, glycolysis. Glucose is converted into two pyruvate 2 ATP and two NADH. Second step, fermentation part. Each pyruvate is converted to ethanol alcohol. And carbon dioxide. during this, NADH turns into NAD+and is recycled.

Examples of alcoholic fermentation.

In bread, the CO2 makes the dough rise (alcohol evaporates). Beer and wine alcohol states that's what makes it alcoholic.

Lactic acid fermentation.

Happens in lactic acid, bacteria and muscle cells. It happens when oxygen is used up faster than it's supplied. And its main purpose is to recycle NAD+.

Steps of lactic acid fermentation.

Step one starts with glycolysis. Glucose turns into two pyruvate, 2 ATP and two NADH. Second step, the fermentation part. Each pyruvate and NADH is turned into lactic acid and NAD+.

Examples of lactic acid fermentation.

Muscle cells:When you exercise hard oxygen runs low, lactic acid builds up, and muscles burn. foods:yogurt, cheese, kimchi, sauerkraut. The sour taste comes from lactic acid.

What are the main products of both fermentations?

Alcoholic fermentation produces mainly ethanol and CO2. And lactic acid fermentation produces mostly lactic acid.

The Krebs cycle.

Pyruvate is broken down a perfect molecule split into A2 carbon molecule. Animal killed carbon dioxide. The suit was released as a waste product. IMG like transfer transferred from the 2 carbon molecule to NAD plus which forms in ADH that NADH goes to the electron transport chain. The second step, coenzyme aid bonds to the 2 carbon molecule from the breakdown of pyruvate. This intermediate molecule then enters the Krebs cycle. And bonds with A4 carbon molecule to make A6 carbon molecule, also known as citric acid, which is the third step. The fourth step is that citric acid is broken down and a new DH is made. The first step is that. With energy. The five carbon molecules broken down any DH in ATP are made. Six step is that 4 cover molecule is rearranged, NADH and FA DH 2 are formed. Then the four carbon molecule stays in the Krebs cycle. nadh and fadh2 leave.

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

Within the inner membrane. Of the mitochondria.

The electron transport chain.

1 electrons removed, proteins in th einnermembrane of the mitochondria take high energy electrons from nadh and fadh2. 2 molecules of nadh and one molecule of fadh2 are used. 2. hydrogen ions are transported. high energy electrons travel through the proteins in the etc. proteins use energy from the electrons to pump hydrogen across the inner membrane(produces a chemiosmotic gradient) hydrogen ions build up. 3.atp is produced. flow of hydrogen ions is used to make atp. hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel and the channel is a part of the enzyme that makes atp which is atp synthasis. atp synthasis adds a phosphate group to adp.

cellular respiration formula

c6h1206+6o2→6co2+6h2o+atp

in each step of cellular resp. how much atp is made

2,2,34 ideally

glucose produces

2 pyruvate per glucose, 4 atp(2), 2 nadh and 0 fadh2 and 0 co2

krebs cycle produces

6 nadh, 2 fadh2, 2 atp, 4 co2 (doubled from both glucoses)

etc produces

34 atp, h20