JJ Quiz Ohio Lebron

Species

A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

Evolution

The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

*gradual change in species over time

Naturalist

A person who observes and studies the natural world.

e.g. Charles Darwin

Adaptation

An inherited behavior or physical characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

Natural selection

A process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.

Darwin's 3 factors of Natural Selection

Overproduction, Variation, Competition.

Overproduction

When organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.

Variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

Competition

The struggle among living things to get the necessary amount of food, water, and shelter.

Fitness

An organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Other Factors that Contribute to Evolution

Mutations, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Sexual Selection, Coevolution

Fossil

Preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past.

Fossil Record

All the fossils that have been discovered and what we have learned from them.

*Patterns in the fossil record are like data that scientists can analyze and interpret.

Microevolution

Small, gradual changes in the color or size of a certain population.

e.g. Northern house sparrows adapted to colder climates by growing larger bodies than the southern house sparrows (This change took less than 100 years)

Macroevolution

Major evolutionary change.

Anatomy

The structure of an organism's body.

Embryo

A young organism that develops from a fertilized egg (called a zygote).

*Chickens, fish, turtles, and pigs all resemble each other during the early stages of development

*These similarities in early development suggest that organisms are related and share a common ancestor

Homologous Structures

Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor.

*Bats, dogs, dolphins, and flying reptiles have homologous structures in their limbs

Gradual Change

Some species in the fossil record seem to change gradually over time.

e.g. Elephants

Rapid Change

New, related species suddenly appear in the fossil record.

e.g. Cooling climate

Extinction

A species no longer exists and will never live again on Earth.

Factors leading to extinction

New predators, climate change, disease, and competition with other species.

Fossil record and Extinction

Shows that volcanic eruptions, asteroids striking Earth, and sudden climate change can kill off many species in a short time

Example of Human-Caused Extinction

Human caused pollution (oil spills).

Habitat

Place where an organism lives, provides resources for organism

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Sun's Energy

Provides all initial energy for organisms in an ecosystem

Meaning of an arrow in a food chain

the movement of energy and nutrients

Difference between food chain and food web

A food chain shows one path of energy flow in an ecosystem;

a food web consists of many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem

Abiotic Factors

Nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Biotic Factor

Living parts of an ecosystem

Producer

An organism that can make its own food, autotroph

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms, heterotroph

Decomposer

An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms

Herbivore

A consumer that eats only plants.

Carnivore

A consumer that eats only animals.

Omnivore

A consumer that eats both plants and animals

Energy Pyramid

A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

How much energy gets passed up an energy pyramid? (percentage)

10%

Limiting Factor

An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing

Ecology

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment

Organism

Any living thing

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Unicellular

A single celled organism

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Stimulus

a signal to which an organism responds

Response

a reaction to a stimulus

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a stable internal state;

Characteristics

distinguishing traits, qualities, or properties

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food, producers

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

Organs

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions

Classification

The process of grouping things based on their similarities

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Genus

first part of 2 part scientific name

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Domains

Broadest level of classification

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Evolution

process of change over time

Microscope

An instrument that makes small objects look larger

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell, NOT in animals

Cell Membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that produces energy

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Lysosomes

Breaks down waste, food, etc.

Golgi Apparatus

Packages and distribute proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

transports materials around the cell (like a hallway)

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

An organism who's cells contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Compound microscope

light microscope with more than one lens. microscopes we use in class

magnification

how many times bigger an image appears

6 Characteristics of Living Things

1. Made of cells

2. Grow and develop