Chapter 1------Bones for Exam #1------- Functional A & P

Kinesiology

The study of motion or human movement.

Structural kinesiology

The study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement. Both skeletal & muscular structures are involved.

Athletic ready position

This defines the knees shoulder width, slightly bent. Balls of your feet.

Anterior

Term means nearer the front, especially in the front of the body.

Posterior

Term means behind, in back, or in the rear.

Inferior

This means below in relation to another structure; caudal.

Superior

This term means above in relation to another structure.

Dorsal

Term means relating to the back; being or located near, on, or toward the back.

Ventral

Term means relating to the belly or abdomen, on or toward the front.

Distal

This term means situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin.

Proximal

Term means nearest the trunk or the point of origin.

Lateral

Term means on or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane.

Medial

Term is relating to the middle or center, nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane.

Mid-sternal line-

Line running vertically down surface of body passing through middle of breastbone (sternum).

Mid-clavicular line-

Line running vertically down surface of body passing through midpoint of the collarbone (clavicle).

Scapula line

Line running vertically down posterior surface of body passing through inferior angle of shoulder blade (scapula).

Vertebral line

This is a line running vertically down through spinous processes of spine.

sagittal plane

Term means a vertical division of the body into right and left portions.

frontal plane

This is a plane of the body that divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse plane

This term means horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions.

Diagonal plane

This plane involves combination of movements from traditional planes and occurs in joints that are capable of movement in two or more planes. Examples: Pitcher throwing overhand is high _____________ plane: Golf swing and punting a football are low ____________ planes.

Axial

Term relating to or around a real or imaginary straight line going through the center of an object that is spinning. The part of the skeleton is the central core of the human skeleton.

Cephalic

Term means head, cranium, and face.

Cervical

Term means bones of the neck area.

Trunk

General term meaning thoracic, dorsal, abdomen, & pelvic areas. The _______, also known as the torso, is the central part of the human body that houses vital organs and connects the head, neck, and limbs.

appendicular region

This region refers to the parts of the body associated with the limbs, including the arms, legs, and the girdles that connect them to the axial skeleton.

206

Adult skeleton has how many bones?

Skeletal Functions---name 5 functions of the skeletal system

1. Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc. 2. Support to maintain posture

3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers

4. Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus

5. Hemopoiesis - in vertebral bodies, femurs, humerus, ribs & sternum process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

Long bones

Term means a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends and a shaft that contains the medullary canal (cavity).

Examples of long bones

Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna & humerus are these.

Short bones

These are small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone.

Examples of short bones are.

Carpals & tarsals

Examples of Flat bones are.

ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle & scapula

Patella bone and the great toe sesamoid

An example of a sesamoid bone is the

Diaphysis

This term means a long cylindrical shaft of a long bone.

Periosteum

This is a dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis of a long bone. It aids in muscle and tendon attachment to the bone.

Endosteum

Term means a thin vascular membrane that lines the inner surfaces of bones, playing a crucial role in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

Medullary cavity

This is the central hollow space within long bones, primarily responsible for housing bone marrow, which is crucial for blood cell production and fat storage.

Metaphysis

This is the wider portion between the diaphysis and the epiphysis of a long bone.

Epiphysis

This is ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone.

Epiphyseal plate

This term is the growth plate that is a thin cartilage plate that separates diaphysis & epiphyses.

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

This is a type of cartilage that covers the epiphysis of a bone to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction of the joint of a bone.

Apophyses

This term means a normal developmental boney protrusion or outgrowth of bone that serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments, playing a crucial role in skeletal function. The ____________________ is a bony protrusion or outgrowth that arises from a separate ossification center during bone development.

Endochondral bones

This bone develops from hyaline cartilage

and masses at the embryonic stage.

It grows rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become.

The growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bones.

epiphyseal plates

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage found at the metaphysis of long bones, situated between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphysis (end) of the bone. It is primarily responsible for the longitudinal growth of bones in children and adolescents.

True

Growth in thickness (diameter) of our bones continues throughout life___________? true or false

Osteoblasts

These are specialized cells responsible for making new bone. Their main role is to produce and organize the materials needed to build the hard, mineralized structure of bone.

Osteoclasts

This is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. They disassemble and digest the composite of hydrated protein and mineral.

Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen & water

Bones are composed of ____________, _____________, ______________, and ____________________.

60 to 70%

_______________% of bone weight - calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate

Water

25 to 30% of bone weight is _____________________________?

Aging

Collagen provides some flexibility & strength in resisting tension in bone mass.

--------------- causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness, particularly when accompanied by reduced activity and exercise.

Wolff's law

This is a part of bone theory that explains how bones typically respond to stress. It marks the adaptive changes that bones can make internally to become stronger and stronger in order to resist strain. Meaning weight training make bones more dense and stronger.

Bone Markings

These are features on bones that serve as attachment points for muscles, blood vessels, nerves, or other bones. They include various types of structures such as depressions, projections, and openings that facilitate the articulation and connection of different anatomical components.

Spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone and end of long bones. It is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space.

Compact bone

Dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum covering (outer membrane of a bone). This hard layer consists of osteons, lamellae — rings of bone tissue, central canals, and osteocytes (mature bone cells).