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Plumb Line
Imaginary straight line from the top of the head to the floor to observe alignment of the body
Acromion Process
Origin of the acromial head of deltoid muscles
Iliac Crest
Curved part at the top of the hip (wing-like part of pelvis)
Lateral Malleoulus
Bone on the outside of the fibula (ankle joint)
Lordosis
Exaggerated lumbar curve (abdominal extend anteriorly)
Lordosis and Cervical
Kyphosis
Exaggerated thoracic curve (hunched back and round shoulders)
Thoracic
Sagittal Plane
Vertical plane that passes through the body (divides into left and right sections)
Medial
Towards the middle
Lateral
Position away from midline
Valgus
Knees together going towards midline
Valrus
Knees together going away from the midline (laterally)
Anatomical Position
Neutral spine
Arms at sides
Palms and feet facing forwards
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal (flexion / extension)
Frontal (abduction / adduction)
Transverse (rotation)
Spinal Curves
Lordosis / Kyphosis (sagittal plane)
Scoliosis (frontal plane)
Rotoscoliosis (transverse plane)
Pelvis Orientation
Anterior (rotated forwards)
Posterior (rotated backward)
Neutral
Frontal Plane Angles
Valgus (when distal segment is away from axis)
Varus (when distal towards axis)
Base of Support
encompassed by the “contact patch”
Not only the area under contact
Centre of Pressure
Point on the ground where all pressure is balanced
Assessing Posture from Sagittal Plane
Position of center of pressure
Orientation of the Pelvis
Curvature of spines (L, T, C)
Distance from joint center to ear (ankle, knee, hip, shoulder)
Assessing Posture from Frontal Plane
Position of center of pressure
Orientation of pelvis
Lateral curvature of spine
Knee valgus angle
Rearfoot valgus angle
Distance to nose (feet, pelvis, chest, chin)
Assessing Posture from Transverse Plane
Angle between scapula and rib cage
Twisting of spine
Arm Motion
Elbow flexion angle
Position in relation to midline
Right / Left symmetry
Trunk and Spine Motion
Sagittal and frontal view of trunk position and spine curvature
Stance Knee Motion
Flexion angle at initial ground contact
Front place position with respect to hip and foot
Stance Ankle Motion
Flexion angle at initial ground contact
Plantar flexion angle at toe off
Stance Foot-Floor Contact
Point of initial ground contact (heel / toe)
Placement of foot in relation to mid-line and CoM
Swing Knee Motion
Maximum knee flexion angle and vertical orientation of foot
Assessing Gait with Upper Body (8)
Orientation of head
Elbow flexion angle
Curvature of spine (T and L)
Orientation of pelvis
Position of shoulders
Lateral bend of trunk
Position of arms in front
Orientation of the hands
Assessing Gait with Lower Body STANCE (9)
Knee flexion angle at contact
Ankle dorsiflexion at contact
Ankle plantarflexion at Toe-Off
Position of Foot-Floor Contact
Height of the pelvis
Position of knee in frontal plane
Rearfoot eversion angle
Position of foot mid-line
Supination angle at contact
Assessing Gait with Lower Body SWING (2)
Knee flexion angle
Orientation of foot in swing