AICP Exam

Early 1900s

When did planning begin to emerge as a standardized profession?

1909

In what year was the first national planning conference held?

New York State Tenement House Act

Which housing reform law set requirements for new buildings to improve light and air quality for residents?

Tenement

A large residential building divided into multiple flats or apartments

1901

What year was the New York State Tenement House Act passed?

McMillan Plan

A planning document that determined the locations of the Lincoln Memorial and Union Station

1902

What year was the McMillan Plan adopted?

Daniel Burnham

A Chicago architect who was the lead force behind the 1893 Columbian Expansion and 1909 Plan of Chicago

1902

When was the first group similar to a modern planning commission established?

Cleveland, Ohio

Where was the first group similar to a modern planning commission established?

Letchworth, England

What was the first city to use the principles of the Garden City Movement?

Garden City Movement

Principles of city planning that focused on creating self-contained communities with residences, industry, and agriculture, surrounded by undeveloped green areas.

Public Lands Commission

Appointed to study public land policy and laws for open range and federal lands, made recommendations on use of public land for grazing and timber purposes.

1903

What year was the public lands commission appointed?

Gifford Pinchot

Who was the leader of the 1903 Public Lands Commission and head of the Bureau of Forestry?

Antiquities Act

Act that preserves archeological sites on public lands and allowed the president to protect a structure by designating it as a national monument

1906

What year was the Antiquities Act ratified?

Devils Tower, Wyoming

What is the name of the first monument protected under the Antiquities Act, and in what state does it reside?

New York Congestion Committee

Founded to look at solutions for overcrowding in poor parts of New York City

1907

What year was the New York Congestion Committee founded?

Florence Kelley and Mary Simkhovitch

Who were the two founders of the New York Congestion Committee?

Hartford, Connecticut

What city started the first official city planning commission?

1907

What year was the first official city planning commission established?

New York Congestion Exhibit

An event displaying that urban congestion was the primary cause of problems with housing, child labor, and poverty.

1908

What year did the New York Congestion Exhibit take place?

1908

What year was Ford’s Model T introduced to the public?

Forest Hills Gardens

The first planned “garden suburb” in the US, with a goal of providing mixed-income housing surrounded by green spaces.

1909

What year was the Forest Hills Gardens suburb constructed?

Harvard University

At what university was the first city planning course taught?

1909

What year was the first course of city planning taught?

Plan of Chicago

The first comprehensive metropolitan plan in the US, focused on transportation development and new parks/cultural centers

1909

What year was the Plan of Chicago adopted?

Manual of the Plan of Chicago

Written and distributed to schools, describes the Plan of Chicago

1911

What year was the Manual of the Plan of Chicago written?

1913

What year was zoning first seen in some cities?

Carrying out the City Plan

The first text on the legal framework of city planning, also examined city planning outside of the US

1914

What year was Carrying out the City Plan released?

Harland Bartholomew

Who was the first municipally employed city planner in the US?

Newark, New Jersey

Where was the first municipally employed city planner hired?

1914

When was the first municipally employed city planner hired in the US?

Cities in Evolution

Book pushing for smaller changes to improve community than larger plans, since it would be less disruptive to neighborhood life

1915

What year was the Cities in Evolution book released?

Sir Patrick Geddes

Who was the author of Cities in Evolution?

1916 Zoning Resolution

Written as a response to concerns about overdevelopment in New York City, considered first citywide zoning code in US by dividing city into zones based on primary activity in area

National Park Service

Created to preserve natural and historic areas in the US, manages over 400 parks today

1916

What year was the National Park Service created?

American City Planning Institute

A predecessor to the American Planning Association, formalized the National Conference on City Planning.

1917

What year was the American City Planning Institute founded?

1920 Census

Which US Census reported that more than half the nation’s population lives in urban areas?

Benton McKaye

Who proposed the construction of the Appalachian Trail?

Country Club Plaza

The first car-oriented shopping center, with gas stations and free parking

1922

When was the Country Club Plaza development constructed?

Kansas City, Missouri

Where is the Country Club Plaza development located?

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act

Law developed to help states create zoning restrictions in their jurisdictions

1922

What year was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act passed?

Regulatory Taking

A concept in which government regulations diminish a property’s value, requiring the government to compensate the property owner

Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon

What court case established the concept of regulatory taking?

1922

What year did the Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon court case occur?

Elisabeth May Herlihy

One of the first women to be seen as a planning expert, helped Boston adopt its first zoning ordinance

1923

What year was the Regional Planning Association of America formed?

Regional Planning Association of America

Organization that worked toward open space preservation in urban regions, planned car-dependent suburbs such as Sunnyside Homes and Radburn, New Jersey

Robert Moses

Former chairman of New York State Council of Parks, powerful urban developer that increased the amount of NYC parks, but encouraged racial segregation with developments

1924

What year was Robert Moses named chairman of the New York State Council of Parks, establishing his rise to power?

1925

What year was the first comprehensive plan adopted into law by a city council?

Cincinnati, Ohio

What was the first US city to have a comprehensive plan approved and adopted into law?

1925

What year was the first state-level land-use plan adopted?

New York

What was the first state to adopt a state-level land-use plan, which focused on providing transportation corridors and preserving rural land?

1926

What year did the Euclid v. Ambler court case occur?

Euclid v. Ambler

Case that established that zoning is constitutional and legal at national level, led to growth of zoning ordinances across the US

Radburn, New Jersey

First community that included the separation of car traffic, clustered housing along parkland, and a community organization to handle municipal functions

1929

What year was “The Neighborhood Unit” published?

The Neighborhood Unit

Publication that detailed the basis for the majority of mid-20th century suburban development, criticized for emphasizing rural living in cities

Clarence Perry

Who was the author of “The Neighborhood Unit”?

1931

What year was the first historic district ordinance passed?

Charleston, South Carolina

What was the first US city to pass an ordinance to protect a historic district?

1933

What year was the Central Place Theory developed?

Central Place Theory

Developed to observe the patterns in the arrangement, size, and numbers of communities in a region, criticized for being based on flawed assumptions but still influential in the study of community relationships.

Walter Christaller

Who developed the Central Place Theory?

Tennessee Valley Authority

Created due to distrust of private utility companies, built hydroelectric dams to improve electricity access and restored forests to prevent soil erosion.

1933

What year was the Tennessee Valley Authority created?

Public Works Administration

Planned and funded large-scale roads, schools, dams, and bridges, part of the New Deal

National Industrial Recovery Act

What act created the Public Works Administration?

1933

What year was the Public Works Administration created?

National Planning Board

Established under the Public Works Administration, promoted the idea of planning in public works and pushed for comprehensive regional plans.

1933

What year was the National Planning Board created?

1934

What year did the first multi-state regional planning commission take place?

Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana

What four states formed the first multi-state regional planning commission to plan for new agricultural and industrial development in response to federal investment in power and reclamation projects?

American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)

Formed with the goal to improve communication among professional planners and better distribute information about planning.

1934

What year was the American Society of Planning Officials formed?

1934

What year was the National Housing Act signed into law?

National Housing Act

Created to revive housing market during Great Depression, standardized 30-year mortgage and spurred post-war housing boom

Redlining Maps

The Home Owner’s Loan Corporation created these for cities across the US, consistently graded African American neighborhoods as “hazardous” which caused loaners to refuse to give mortgage loans in those areas.

1935

What year was the Home Owner’s Loan Corporation commissioned to create redlining maps?

Resettlement Administration

Established to provide financial aid for struggling Americans in urban and rural areas, moved farmers into model farm/planned communities

1935

When was the Resettlement Administration established?

Greenbelt Communities

Communities created by the Resettlement Administration in Maryland, Ohio, and Wisconsin, based on Garden City concept.

Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio, Greendale, Wisconsin

What were the three Greenbelt Communities?

1935

What year was The Planner’s Journal launched?

The Planner’s Journal

Publication focusing on research, commentaries, and book reviews for practicing planners.

1937

When was the US Housing Act signed into law?