Pediatrics Immunizations Study Material - Key Terms and Definitions

inactive vaccine

made with killed infectious agent/toxin --> immune response in host; not capable of causing disease; more likely to require booster

live attenuated vaccine

weakened form of infectious agent, capable of causing attenuated form of disease; caution with immunocompromised host

within 24 hours of birth, 1-2 months after first dose, 6 months

when to vaccinate for hepatitis B

rotavirus

leading cause of hospitalization and death from acute gastroenteritis worldwide; 50% of hospitalizations for diarrhea and dehydration in kids

6 weeks

minimum age for rotavirus vaccine

2 months, 4 months, (6 months)

rotavirus vaccine schedule (dosing depends on brand)

diphtheria

toxin mediated disease transmitted through respiratory droplets; presents with pharyngitis w/exudate, gray pseudomembrane

tetanus

commonly acquired through wounds (animal bites, lacerates, nonsterile delivery/umbilical cord care), potent neurotoxin causes intense muscle spasms, trismus, sympathetic overactivity

pertussis

whooping cough, highly infective spread by aerosolized droplets; presents in 3 phases: low grade fever, cough, coryza --> intense coughing spasms followed by sudden inhalation

catarrhal, paroxysmal, convalescent

3 phases of pertussis infection

2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, 4-6 years

DTaP vaccine schedule

11-12 years

Tdap booster given at this age

haemophilus influenza type B (Hib)

causes meningitis, epiglottitis, septicemia, pneumonia; encapsulated bacteria high risk for immunocompromised patients; presents with high fever, cough, chills muscle pain

2, 4, 6, 12-15 months

Hib vaccination schedule

strep pneumoniae

common cause of meningitis, bacteremia, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis; RFs: children <2, daycare, cochlear implants, CSF leaks

2, 4, 6, 12-15 months

strep pneumo vaccine schedule

poliomyelitis

mild illness with fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting --> secondary stiffness in neck, back, legs --> recurrent fever, meningitis, HA, nuchal rigidity, nausea --> asymmetrical flaccid paralysis

2, 4, 6, 18 months, 4-6 years

IPV vaccine schedule

measles (rubeola)

viral illness caused by paramyxovirus; presents with cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, LAD, fever, malaise, rash begins behind ears and descends, Koplik's spots

mumps

viral illness typically occurs during childhood, causes salivary gland disease (especially parotid), meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis

rubella (german measles)

viral illness presents with prodrome of malaise, conjunctivitis, HA, low grade fever, mild URI --> LAD, exanthem rash (pink descending macular/papular rash), Forschheimer spots

12-15 months, 4-6 years

MMR vaccine schedule

varicella

chickenpox; prodrome of fever, resp symptoms, malaise, HA --> descending rash (crops of red macules become small vesicles with surrounding erythema)

12-15 months, 4-6 years

varicella vaccine schedule

2 doses at 12-23 months (separate by 6 months)

hepatitis A vaccine schedule

meningococcemia

caused by neisseria meningitidis; common in infants and on college campuses; prodrome of URI with high fever, HA, nausea, marked toxicity, hypotension, rash (bright pink macules/papules), progresses to meningitis

11-12 years, 16 years

meningococcal vaccine schedule

2-3 doses at age 11

gardasil (HPV) vaccine schedule

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

common cause of severe respiratory illness in infants and young children; common in fall-winter seasons

nirsevimab

RSV vaccine recommended for all infants <8 months of age born during/entering RSV season; can also be given to children 8-19 months at risk for disease

palivizumab

RSV vaccine recommended for children <24 months at increased risk for severe disease, given once a month during RSV season

national childhood vaccine injury act

requires reporting of suspected cases of vaccine preventable diseases to state or local health departments