science midterm by elijah vo

worldview

the overarching narrative that a person uses to see and interpret the world

life science

the study of life

naturalism

the belief that all things were made by natural processes

Creation Mandate

God's command given to mankind in Gen. 1:28 to exercise dominion over the world by wisely using the resources God has placed here.

Ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Organism

Any living thing

Cell

Basic unit of life

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

prokaryotic cell

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Eukaryotic cell

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

Organelle

the usually-membrane surrounded structures in a eukaryotic cell that perform special functions

cell membrane

The structure that surrounds all cells and regulates what come in and goes out

cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds and protects some cells

capsule

a slimy layer surrounding some bacteria that protects them from harmful substances and prevents their drying out

Cytoplasm

The material inside of a cell, excluding the nucleus

Flagellum

A whip-like structure that some cells use to propel them-selves through their environment

DNA

The molecule that contains important information for making proteins and helps regulate many cellular processes.

Chromosome

A structure that contains a cell's DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A network of tubes in eukaryotic cells that help produce and transport proteins and other molecules throughout the cells

Golgi apparatus

The organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies many proteins and packages them into small, bubble-like structures called vesicles

Ribosome

a small structure that assembles proteins found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton

Several types of long, thin fibers anchored to various parts of the cell that help the cell maintain and change its shape

Lysosome

A small organelle in eukaryotic cells that act as the demolition crew within a cell

Enzyme

A protein that speeds up or slows down chemical reactions

Mitochondria

The organelle in eukaryotic cells that makes more of the cell's ATP

Nucleotide

The subunit of DNA consisting of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base

gene

\n A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a unique protein

amino acids

One of about twenty molecules used to build proteins

protein synthesis

The process of building a protein by bonding amino acids together.

irreducible complexity

A feature of engineered systems in which removing one part of the system causes the whole system to cease functioning

cell cycle

The process of cellular growth and reproduction

Interphase

The portion of the cell cycle during which the cell grows and carries out its normal functions

Mitosis

The process of the cell cycle that ensures that each new daughter cell produced has the same number and kinds of genes as the original parent cell

Cytokinesis

The final stage of the cell cycle during which the parent cell pinches to give each new daughter cell some cytoplasm

asexual reproduction

Reproductions that does not involve gametes

sexual reproduction

reproduction using gametes

Meiosis

The process that reduces by half the amount of DNA present in each sperm or egg cell

Heredity

The study of how traits are passed from one generation to the next

Purebred

An organism that always produces descendants with the same trait for a specific character

Hybrid

An organism with a mix of alleles for a specific character

dominant trait

A trait of a specific character that appears in a hybrid organism

recessive trait

a trait of a specific character that is hidden by the dominant trait in a hybrid organism

simple dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which there are only two alleles and the dominant trait is always express in a hybrid organism

incomplete dominance

A pattern of inheritance in a hybrid in which traits are blended together

codominance

a pattern of inheritance in a hybrid in which both traits are present but not blended

polygenic inheritance

A pattern of inheritance that occurs when two or more genes interact to control a single character

genetic drift

A natural process in which the ratio of alleles in a population changes randomly over time

Adaptation

A inherited trait that helps an animal survive to reproduce

natural selection

The process through which organisms with certain adaptations survive to pass on their traits to a greater number of offspring than other organisms do

Evolution

the model that states that simpler organisms have slowly changed into new and more complex organisms over millions of years

Fossil

The preserved remains of plants and animals

Uniformitarianism

The concept that all of Earth's physical processes happen at the same rate in the present time as they did in the past

Theory of Natural Selection

The theory that traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce better than other individuals without those traits will become more common in the population

Mutation

random changes in DNA

modern synthesis

The modern model of evolution that blends mutations and natural selection.

dating

The process used to estimate the age of rocks

common ancestor

A species of organisms who descendants are believed to form two distinct species

homologous structures

Features that are shared by distinct types of organisms

vestigial structures

A structure that according to evolutionary theory no longer has a function

transitional forms

a supposed organisms of the past with body parts that are intermediate between early ancestral forms and later fully developed forms; also called a missing link

genetic load

The accumulated random mutations within the DNA of a population of organisms

(biblical) kind

A distinct group of organisms that God created to reproduce

bacteria

Prokaryotic cells that live everywhere, they lack a nucleus, DNA is suspended in the cytosol. Bacteria have plasmids, ribosomes, cell membrane and walls, capsule, and some a flagella

Plasmid

a small, often circular strand of DNA that is separate from the main chromosome in some bacteria

binary fission

A form of bacterial reproduction in which the DNA is replicated and the cell membrane pinches together to form two identical bacteria

Endospore

A bacterium's DNA and ribosomes enclosed in a tough case that can survive unfavorable conditions

Conjugation

a process in which one bacterium shares a plasmid with another

Virus

nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat that uses cells to reproduceCapsid

Capsid

The protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus

host

A living organism that a parasite obtains food from or that a virus infect in order to reproduce

Cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves

seed

The plant structure that contains a young plant inside a protective covering

Angiosperm

the group of plants that produces flowers and fruit

gymnosperm

the group of plants that produces cones

leaf veins

vascular bundles in leaves

palisade layer

the layer of cells in a leaf where most photosynthesis occurs

spongy layer

Moist, loosely packed layer of cells containing chloroplasts.

stoma

opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

annual rings

Rings or layers of wood which represent one growth period of a tree. In a cross section the rings may indicate the age of the tree.

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

Tropism

A growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

plant hormones

a small chemical made by some plant tissues that affects how other plant structures grow

Auxin

A plant hormone that speeds up the rate of growth of plant cells

Cytokinin

plant hormone produced in growing roots and in developing fruits and seeds

abscisic acid

plant hormones that inhibits cell growth, prevents premature germination, and stimulates the closing of the stomata

Ethylene

A gaseous plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening and opposes auxins in its actions

short day plants

a plant that does not bloom until the nights are longer than the critical night length

long-day plants

a plant that does not bloom until the nights are shorter than the critical night length

day-neutral plants

a plant that blooms whenever the conditions are right regardless of the length of night

alternation of generations

the repeating cycle of gametophyte and sporophyte structures in plants

fruit

The ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds.

Stamen

The male reproductive part of a flower

carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

petal

A colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers.

Sepal

a leaflike structure that encloses the bud of a flower.