10 - enlightenment and atlantic revolution

enlightenment

intellectual movement emphasizing reason, logic, and individual rights over tradition

scientific revolution

era when scientist began using experiments, observations and math to understand the world

philosophes

enlightenment thinkers who discussed politics, society, and human nature

social contract

idea that people give up some freedom to the government in exchange for protection of rights

natural rights

rights that all humans are born with life, liberty, and property rights that cannot be revoked

declaration of rights of man

french revolution document stating that men are born free and equal with natural right

mary wollstonecraft

early feminist who argued women should have equal education

jean jacques rousseau

believed society corrupts people, government should reflect general will of the people

john locke

believed people are naturally good and have natural rights that the government should protect over

baron de montesquieu

created the concept of the separation of branches; legislative, executive, and judicial

thomas hobbes

believed humans are naturally selfish and supposed strong government to maintain order

voltaire

supported freedom of speech and religion; criticized the church

deism

belief that god created the world but does not interfere with daily life

popular sovereignty

power of the government comes from the people

self determination

right of a group to choose its own government

declaration of independence

document declaring american independence and stating natural rights that was written by thomas jefferson 

estates system

french social hierarchy 

king louis XIV

weak king that was executed and exiled during the french revolution

marie antoinette

austrian monarch married to louis XIV that was known for overspending then died to execution

tennis court oath

promise by 3rd estate to write a new constitution before they left the court

maximilien robespierre

leader of the reign of terror

reign of terror

period where enemies of the french revolution were executed

napoleon bonaparte

military leader who became emperor and expanded french empire

napoleonic code

legal code promoting equality and property rights but limited womens rights

haiti

first successful slave revolt leading to independence

toussaint l’ouverture

leader of the haitian revolution

simon bolivar

leader of the American independence movements

“the liberator”

jose de san martin

south american independence leader who worked with bolivar

miguel hidalgo

mexican priest who lead early independence revolt

creoles

people of european ancestry born in colonies; often led revolutions

peninsulares 

europeans born in spain/portugal; held top government power

nationalism

pride in ones nation or cultural group

nation

group of people who have shared internal characteristics

giuseppe mazzini

italian nationalist leader; wanted italian unification

giuseppe garibaldi

italian soldier who unified southern italy

otto von bismarck

prussian leader who unified germany using “blood and iron”

realpolitik

politics based on practical goals, not ideals

zionism/theodor herzl

movement to create a jewish homeland in palestine; herzl founded it

congress of vienna

meeting after napoleon to restore old monarchies and balance power

klemens von metternich

leader of congress of vienna; opposed nationalism

levee en masse

mass military draft during french revolution

taiping rebellion

chinese civil war demanding reforms; very deadly

hong xiuquan

leader of taiping rebellion

sepoy rebellion

indian soldiers revolted against british rule

muslim league

group formed to protect muslim political rights in british india

sovereignty

country’s power to govern itself without outside control

issac newton

scientist who discovered the laws of motion and gravity and helped develop calculus

romanticism

an artistic and literary movement that emphasized emotion, imagination, and nature over reason and logic

conservatism 

a belief in keeping traditional values and resisting rapid changes in society

liberalism

a belief in protecting individual rights and freedoms, with government helping ensure equality and fairness

radicals

people who want major or complete change in society, often very quickly

immanuel kant

philosopher who argued that reason and moral duty should guided human actions, and that people should be treated as ends in themselves, not as tools

separation of powers

dividing government into branches so no one branch has all the power—typically legislative, executive, and judicial

balance of power

system where countries try to keep military strength equal so no one nation becomes too powerful

parliament

law making body of government made up of elected representatives

glorious revolutions

in 1688 of the peaceful overthrow of King James II of england, which increased parliaments power over the monarchy

citizen

a legally recognized member of a country with rights and responsibilities 

civil rights

the basic freedoms and protections guaranteed to all citizens under the law

adam smith

economist who promoted free markets and argued government should not interfere with trade and was know as the father of capitalism

olympe de gouges

french writer who demanded equal rights for women during the french revolution

seven years war

during 1756-1763, a major global conflict between european powers that increased british control but caused heavy war debt

french revolution

during 1789-1799, a movement where french citizens overthrew the monarchy and demanded equality and rights

guillotine

a device used during the french revolution to execute people quickly and “equally” through beheading

american revolution

during 1775-1783, the colonies broke away from britian and formed the usa

thomas jefferson

wrote the declaration of independence; believed in natural rights and limited government

bourgeoisie

the middle class, especially those with wealth and education, who pushed for more political power

primogeniture

system where the oldest son inherits all family property

maroons

enslaved africans who escapes and formed independent communities

jose maria morelos

mexican revolutionary priest who continued the fight for independence after hidalgos death

dom pedro I

leader who declared brazil independent from portugal and became their first emperor

latin american revolutions

series of uprisings where colonies in latin america fought for independence from european rules

gran colombia

a large country created by simon bolivar that included colombia, venezuela, ecuador, and panama 

jamaica letter

letter written by simon bolivar explaining his vision for independent latin american nations

haitian revolution

during 1791-1804, the ONLY successful slave revolt in haiti that ended slavery and french colonial rule

grand blancs

wealthy white planation owners in haiti

petit blancs

poor/middle class whites in haiti made up of clerks, merchants, and artisans

saint domingue

french colony that was then renamed to present day haiti

populist politics

political approach that seeks to represent ordinary people against elites or the establishment

count cavour

italian statesman who helped unify italy in the 19th century

pan slavism

movement promoting cultural and political unity among slavic people

revolutions of 1848

a series of european uprisings demanding more democracy and national independence

nanjing

chinese city; site of the treaty of nanjing (1842) ending the first opium war and ceding hong kong to Britain

sepoy

indian soldier serving in a european colonial army, especially british