toxicology

toxicology is multidisciplinary

true

what is toxicology?

how chemicals react with organisms, each other, and the environment

any substance in high enough dose can be toxic

true

who first noticed an increased of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps?

Percival Post

when was the first major point in carcinogenic history?

1775

what did Yamagiwa and Ichikawa discover in 1918

tar exposure causes skin cancer

what chemical in tar causes cancer

isolated benzopyrene

what is DDT

a highly toxic insecticide

how does DDT work

interferes with sodium ion channels and tells them to keep firing

which of the following is not a type of exposure that affects toxicity

regulation

which of the folllwing does not effect toxicity

motion

what is dose

the amount absorbed, the dose makes the point, can vary based on mass

which of the following is not one of the most highly susceptible organs

pancreas

t/f lead is deadly if ingested but not affect if touched

true

Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field that emerged in response to

the impact of chemicals such as DDT on organism and human health

What percentage of deaths that are attributed to pollution occur in low- to middle-income countries?

90%

TF Pollution represents a greater risk factor for premature human death and illness than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined.

true

TF The burning of fossil fuels is the single largest contributor to air pollution globally.

true

____ derive from nature and _ derive from man made processes

toxins; toxicants

Which of the following correctly identifies the leading cause of pollution-related deaths worldwide?

air pollution

Childhood lead exposure has NOT been shown to

increase metabolic rate and renal function

What effect did the burning of coal and release of dark, smoky pollution have on the peppered moth?

Light colored trees became dark with soot and the light colored moths were preferentially eaten by birds.

Rachel Carson is most well know for writing a book about

the extreme decline in bird populations due to DDT.

DDT is credited with preventing death and illness during World War II due to which of the NOT following diseases?

Influenza

Proper use of source information requires paraphrasing, in-text citations, and end references.

true

Which of the following are not elements of an effective poster presentation?

detailed and lengthy introduction so the reader fully understands the project

Introduction

objectives of the study and/or hypotheses

Abstract

brief summary of main finding(s)

Methods

statistical tests that were performed

Discussion

interpretation of the results supported by literature

Results

description of trends or comparisons between treatments

A well written introduction should accomplish the following EXCEPT

explain what kinds of statistical tests will be performed

You are utilizing information from a scientific article and use a thesaurus to change some words from the original, which results in a properly paraphrased sentence.

False

Figure captions go ___ the figure and table captions go ____

below; above

The ____section describes the findings of the experiment.

Results

Quotations are an acceptable way to avoid plagiarism in scientific writing.

false

Abstract

brief summary of the entire study

Methods

describes how the study was done such that it could be replicated

Discussion

explains the significance of the findings in the context of other similar studies

Intro

provides background information and the objectives and/or hypotheses

Which of the following elements should NOT always be included in a discussion?

Description of how the data were analyzed

The minimum font size that should be used in a poster is

24

what does time mean in relation to toxicology

duration and frequency exposure

acute exposure

short term exposure with high contaminant

chronic exposure

long term exposure with low contaminant

smoking 1 pack of cigarettes in 1 hour

acute exposure

shortness of breath, asthma attacks, etc

acute exposure

smoking 1 pack a month for 50 years

chronic exposure

cancer, copd, etc

chronic exposure

tf toxins have different properties that impact their reaction duration, how much can build in the body, etc

true

hepatotoxic

liver toxicity

microcytins are which type of toxin?

cyanobacteria

TF microcystins demethylate proteins

false

TF microcystins dephosphorylates proteins

true

tf microcystins interfere with metabolic processes

true

microcystins are toxic to the

liver

TF metabolism of toxins can be genetic

true

addivity formula

A+B=AB 1 +1 = 2the effects of A plus B results in the effects of A and B together

synergistic exposure

A+B=AB 2+2=20 exposure of 2 chemicals greatly increases effects

potentiation exposure

A+B=AB 0+2=10 exposure to A causes a much greater effect to B

what are PAHs

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAHs are naturally occurring and man made

true

which of the following are not examples of naturally occurring PAHs

fossil fuels

which is an example of man made PAHs

incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

why are PAHs called PAHs?

they all have multiple carbon rings

TF PAHs are lipophobic, they have a difficult time binding to fats

false

TF PAHs are lipophilic, they bind easily to fats leading to more bioaccumulation

true

TF PAHs are immunotoxic

true

immunotoxic

interferes with the immune system

teratogenic

affects development of the embryo/egg

mutagenic/carcinogenic

can mutate DNA leading to tumors or cancer

which of the following is not true of PAHs

all are correct

how do PAHs get into drinking water?

urban runoff / poor industrial sanitation> marine animals > activated and metabolized in the body

TF PAHs can be activated by enzyme pathways

true

what are the 5 most common toxic metals in the environment

arsenic (as), lead (pb), mercury (hg), cadmium (cd), chromium (ce)

heavy metals are..

cations and form positve charge

what is a cation?

more protons than electrons

cations

form covalent bonds and bind easily to polar macromolecules macromolecules

TF heavy metals are lipophilic

true

TF heavy metals can bind to negative soil and live for a long time

true

bioavailability

available to be absorbed/used when released from soil (via pH change)

how do metal ions enter the cell?

all of the above

how do metal ions enter the environment?

industry, agriculture, air, soil, water

TF the acidity of lysosomes makes molecules less bio available

false

TF the acidity of lysosomes makes molecules more bioavailable

true

soil organic matter

SOM

what is SOM?

organic material in soil that binds to metal ions and retains them in aggregate

TF aggregate soil has less bioavailability

true

what does soil tell us?

characteristics and whether metals can persist or be released

are toxic heavy metals naturally occurring?

yes from volcanic activity

examples of human occurring toxic metals

all of the above

anthropogenic

related to industrial

TF arsenic can occur naturally but mostly through human anthropogenic sources

true

aggregate soil

a small soil clump of particles