miller & levine biology chapter 18

binomial nomenclature

a two-word naming system in ehig eacg species ie addigned a two-part scientific name; developed by carolus linnaeus

classification order

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

systematics

science of naming and grouping organisms

goals of systematics

organize living things into groups that have biological meaning, create a common scientific name for species

taxa/taxon

group in a classification system

difference between linnaeus' classification system and modern classification

linnaeus grouped organisms strictly according to similarities and differences while in modern days scientists assign species to a larger group in ways that reflect how closely related members of the group are

phylogeny

the study of evolutionary history of lineages

goal of phylogenetic systematics (evolutionary classification)

group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than overall similarities and differences

clade

group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor - living and extinct

monophyletic group

clade of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

paraphyletic group

group of a common ancestor that excludes one or more group or descendants (invalid)

cladogram

a diagram that links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines/lineages branched off from common ancestors

speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in evolution

node

a branch point on a cladogram, representing a speciation event in which one ancestral species splits into two new ones

root

the bottom of a cladogram, representing the common ancestor shared by all of the organisms on the cladogram

derived character

a trait that arose in he most recent common ancestor and was passed along to its descendants

genetics in classification

the more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms

the six kingdoms

eubacteria, archaebacteria, "protista", fungi, plantae, animalia

eubacteria

prokaryotic, cell walls with peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotroph/heterotroph

archaebacteria

prokaryotic, cell walls without peptidoglycan, unicellular, autotroph/heterotroph, live in extreme environments

"protista"

eukaryotic, cell walls of cellulose in some, some have chloroplasts, most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular, autotroph/heterotroph

fungi

eukaryotic, cell walls of chitin, most multicellular, some unicellular, heterotroph (absorption)

plantae

eukaryotic, cell walls of cellulose, chloroplasts, most multicellular, some green algae unicellular, autotroph

animalia

eukaryotic, no cell walls or chloroplasts, multicellular, heterotroph

tree of life

diagram showing current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life

domain bacteria

kingdom eubacteria

domain archae

kingdom archaebacteria

domain eukarya

kingdoms protista, fungi, plantae and animalia