BIOM 3010 Midterm 3 Cardiovascular & Urogenital System

the heart resides within the pericardium, within the mediastinum… the heart is made of 3 layers:

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

portal system

portal systems carry blood between capillary beds
without passing through the heart

-hepatic - capillary bed in digestive system to capillary beds in liver itself

Venous valves create ____ flow
*semilunar valve - makes cup

unidirectional

medium sized veins often have valves that prevent backflow of
blood – particularly in the limbs.

anastomosis

direct connections between two different arteries and/or an artery and vein
represent alternative routes of blood flow when a vessel becomes constricted or blocked

visceral pericardium

directly on the heart

providing blood to lung tissue itself NOT for oxygenation
-intrinsic circulation of lungs

bronchiole arteries

functions of the cardiovascular system

1. transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones)
2. regulation (pH, temperature, osmotic pressure)
3. protection (e.g., foreign material, diseases, clotting)

99% are red blood cells () 1% are white blood cells ()

erythrocytes
leukocytes

what are platelets and what do they do

platelets: cell fragments (control bleeding)

arteries take blood _ from the heart, and they are:

away
thick, elastic & muscular
– arterioles (10-100μm)

capillaries (4-10μm) are very thin (only )

epithelium

veins take blood _ the heart and they are:

towards
thin, less elastic, & less muscular
– valves
– venules (10-100μm)
-most carry deoxygenated blood

pulmonary circulatory system

carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood
back to the heart

systemic circulatory system

supplies blood to all regions of the body including the lungs.

arteries carry blood to capillary beds in organs
• veins drain capillary beds

capillary bed is an interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ.

digestive track and require the most % of blood in body

kidney

common carotid and vertebral arteries

have a left and right

below clavicle
for upper limbs and neck

subclavian arteries

intercostal and lumbar arteries

in between ribs
along vertebrae

apex is associated w left ventricle
-caudal most part

iliac arteries

lower limb and pelvis

stomach, liver, pancreas
spleen are given blood by the __ artery

celiac artery

coronary arteries

intrinsic--- in heart tissue itself
-intrinsic circulation of the heart

mediastinal pleura is the outermost layer of membranes around the heart.. what are the three inner ones

-mediastinal pleura
-fibrous pericardium the two below prevent points of attachment
-parietal pericardium

• visceral pericardium

label atrium, auricles, ventricles

atrioventricular valves are under high pressure, so they are reinforced with 2 structures.. what are they

chordae tendineae
papillary muscles
-make sure valves are held in place when heart contracts

label right and left atrioventricular valve

blood goes right before left… (deoxy, then oxy)

divides atrium and ventricle

label pulmonary (semilunar) valve

on route towards the lungs

label pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery..
trunk rapidly divided into 2 to make L and R side

newly oxygenated blood from lungs come into the veins.. then travels into left atrium then to left ventricle though left atrioventricular valve

pulmonary veins

blood leaves left ventricle and passes by the valve

aortic semilunar valve

ductus
arteriosus

-no longer has a lumen as baby develops

label coronary sulcus

sometimes called the
coronary groove)
houses coronary aa.
and cardiac vv.

label interventricular groove… what arteries and veins does it house

houses branches of
coronary aa. and cardiac vv

label interventricular septum

label cranial and caudal vena cava

label aortic valve and ascending aorta

label aortic arch

label pectinate muscles (look like a comb)
… they are present in

auricle of right atrium

fossa ovalis location

right atrium
a thin region
of the wall between right and left atria

what is the foramen ovale

a hole between the left and right atria (upper chambers) of the heart. This hole exists in everyone before birth, but most often closes shortly after being born

whats the deal w ductus arteriosus and ligamentum arteriosum

ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal artery connecting the main body artery (aorta) and the main lung artery (pulmonary artery)
CLOSES UP IN THE MONTHS AFTER BIRTH to become the ligamentum arteriosum

trabeculae carneae

strengthen walls and
increase force of contraction
meaty tendrils!

axillary artery is part of the _ artery

subclavian artery
once it extends cranial to the first rib and exits the thorax, it becomes the axillary artery in theunderarm region

axilla = armpit

brachial artery is part of what artery and what does it supply blood to

part of right subclavian artery
once it reaches humerus its considered brachial artery, and runs parallel to the humerus

carotid artery and branches

go to head

carotid sinus

• dilation of the internal carotid artery
• it is sensitive to blood pressure
-body does blood pressure assessment here .. don't want rly high pressure blood going to brain

left ventricle .. blood to the entire body therefore needs thick ass muscle

septomarginal band

fibrous and muscular
connection between
interventricular septum and
the right ventricular wall;
carries nerve (Purkinje) fibres

only on right side!

brachiocephalic trunk

right arm and head
-gives rise to 2 arteries: right subclavian = arm
L and R common carotid = head

vertebral artery

=towards head/brain
travel in between transverse foramen of vertebrae

costocervical trunk

in part to intercostal muscles next to ribs

-short trunk that extends dorsally and gives off two terminal branches: one extending caudally to supply the first few
intercostal spaces, the second traveling dorsally to supply the deep musculature of the neck

internal thoracic artery supplies blood to

travels caudoventrally along the ventral thoracic wall on either side of the sternum to supply the thoracic wall, cranial
abdominal wall and mammary glands in the female (cranial epigastric arteries); was likely removed with the sternum

travel just underneath sternum

superficial cervical artery

extends cranially and laterally to supply the ventral muscles of the neck and the adjacent shoulder region

subclavian artery becomes axillary artery when you pass over ..then changes again to ___ artery when it becomes parallel with humerus

the first rib

brachial

common carotid artery… and internal and external carotid artery….

common splits off to become internal and external

tunica intima = 1 layer of endothelial cells, where is it

innermost layer of cels of tunica intima of an artery or vein

laryngeal artery provides blood to the :

larynx

common carotid artery becomes what at the first 3 branches in the head

internal carotid artery
external carotid artery
laryngeal artery

occipital artery runs right along where the occipital bone is

caudal area of the head and neck

lingual artery provides blood to

tongue

facial artery
lateral to mandible

blood to lips, nose

caudal auricular artery provides blood to

ear

superficial temporal artery

in temporal fossa, where temporalis muscle sits in

courses dorsally and supplies the masseter,
parotid gland, muscles and scalp of the
temporal regio

maxillary artery is terminal branch of carotid artery . provides blood for …..

temporalis snd masseter (chewing)

inferior alveolar artery

TOOTH sockets* alveolus is also a term for where tooth roots fit
supplying mandible and teeth

rete mirabile

cooling brain
big jumble of veins, lets it cool

transverse jugular drains blood from _

tongue, larynx

linguofacial vein drains blood from

tongue and face

cranial vena cava from cranial to the heart

axillary artery bc its over the first ___

rib

celiac artery gives blood to

foregut
stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and spleen

cranial mesenteric artery gives blood to

small intestine, pancreas, cecum colon

*branches before kidneys off abdominal aorta

continuation of thoracic aorta =

abdominal aorta

left and right gastric artery go to _

greater curvature of the stomach

right gastroepiploic arteries

internal thoracic vein

either side of the sternum, fuse before entering the
cranial vena cava as one vessel

external jugular vein drains blood from..

head and neck

internal jugular vein drains blood from..

head and neck
cranial cavity

left and right brachiocephalic veins converge to form what

Left and right brachiocephalic veins
converge to form the cranial vena cava

abdominal aorta

celiac artery has 3 components:

left gastric artery
hepatic artery
splenic artery

right gastric artery gives blood to

lesser curvature of the stomach

supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach on the right side; extends from the pylorus toward the cardia; anastomoses with the left gastric artery

splenic artery supplies blood to

pancreas, stomach, spleen

caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery gives blood to

pancreas
duodenum

cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

left and right gastroepiploic artery give blood to

greater curvature of the stomach on both sides

caudal mesenteric artery separates into right, left, and middle colic artery

intestinal artery supplies blood to

jejunum
also a bit of ilium

ileocolic artery supplies blood to

ileum, cecum, and colon

cranial rectal artery gives blood to

desceding colon and rectum

testicular and ovarian artery

phrenic artery provides blood to and branches off the ___

diaphragm
adrenolumbar artery

adrenolumbar artery provides blood to and _

adrenal gland
muscles of the back

gland sinus

large cavities in the udder

teat sinus vs teat canal

teat sinus – cavity inside the teat; combined gland sinuses and teat sinuses = lactiferous sinuses
• teat canal (old name = streak canal) – opening from the teat sinus to the exterio

renal artery and vein

external and internal iliac artery

what does the aorta do?

brings oxygenated blood away from the heart,
arching craniodorsally and passing towards the abdomen