Bio 111 exam 1 Aleyce

Basic or “pure” science

Science done to simply gain knowledge, regardless of application

Applied Science

Science applied to real world problems

Inductive reasoning

begins with a research question and uses specific observations to form a general conclusion/hypothesis

Deductive reasoning

begins with a theory-driven hypothesis, which guides data collection and analysis

Scientific Theory

a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not yet failed; supported by a large body of evidence

Cell Theory

a fundamental theory in biology stating that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, chemical reactions are needed for life to take place in the cells, all cells arise only arise from pre-existing cells, cells contain DNA.

Gene Theory

genes are the basic units of inheritance and are composed of DNA, provides the foundation for the field of genetics

Theory of Heredity

the concept that traits are passed from parents to offspring through genetic information, primarily through genes. The genes are located on chromosomes and diploids (2n) get two copies of each chromosome (46 total).

Alleles

different versions of the same gene and cause variation

The Theory of Evolution

the scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth, proposing that species change over time through natural selection and adaptation. Change over time. NOT THE SAME AS NATURAL SELECTION

Unicellular

organisms consisting of a single cell, like bacteria

Mutlicelluar

cells that form complex organisms, such as plants and animals.

Positive response

movement towards a stimuli

Negative response

movement away from a stimulus

Growth

genes giving specific instructions hat direct cellular growth and developmentin organisms, leading to increased size and complexity.

Reproduction

Unicellular: DNA is duplicated, then is equally divided as the cell divides into two new cels

Multicellular: yk..

Evolutionary Adaptation

an organism’s “fit” to its environment; ex: heat resistance in Archaea that live in boiling hot springs

Evolution

mutations or random changes in the hereditary material over time; an organism that evolves have greater reproductive success, subject to the forces of natural selection

Regulation/Homeostasis

The appropriate conditions like temperature, pH, etc. that requires to function may change from one moment to another. Through homeostasis, organisms are able to maintain their internal conditions despite environmental changes; ex: polar bears

Energy Processing

organisms get energy from food from either photosynthesis or consume from the environment. Chemical reactions convert that energy into usable forms.

Metabolism

The sum total of chemical reactions in energy processing

The levels of organization among unicellular

Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell

The levels of organization among multicellular organisms

Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

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Plant cell, Animal Cell, Bacteria Cell

plant cell has chloroplast and cell wall, bacteria cell has plasma membrane, all three have plasma membranes

Prokaryotes

small, singled-cell, has ribosomes and plasma membrane, circular chromosome structure, reproduces between binary fission, no nucleus, ex: bacteria

Eukaryotes

has a nucleus, linear chromosomes structure, has organelles, mitochondria, ribosomes, and plasma membrane mitosis/meiosis reproduction, ex: animal and plant cells

Taxonomy Order

Mnemonic - “King Philip Cried Out For Goodness Sake”;

Species → Genus → Family → Order → Class → Phylum → Kingdom → Domain

Phylogeny

the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism and groups of organisms; nodes - last time the organisms had a common ancestor

Phylogenetic Tree of Life

first time that genetics were used

Charles Darwin

created the theory of natural selection or Darwin’s Theory

Darwin’s Theory of natural selection

organisms with traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring, causing populations to evolve over time and adapt to their surroundings

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

Elements

substances that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Four most common elements of living organisms

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen; CHON

Compound

a combination of 2 or more elements in a specific fixed ratio

Trace elements in the human body

Boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

Essential element in the human body

CHON, Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg

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Iodine defiency

hypothyroidism can create goiters can cause fatigue and weight gain

iodine excess

hyperthyroidism, common in cats can cause loss of appetite and weight loss

Heme B

component in hemoglobin, which is an oxygen carrying protein

Iron (Fe)

essential for hemoglobin and causes anemia without it, Heme B cannot function structurally w/o it

Iron Deficiency

anemia, affects women and children prominently

Iron Excess

polycythemia vera is a blood cancer that causes bone marrow to over produce red blood cells, leads to think, slow flowing blood, treatable

Isotopes

differ in the number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus, have the same number of protons; ex: C-12 and C-14 (radioactive)

Beta Decay

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle, which is a high-energy electron or positron

Radiometric Dating

calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive element

Valence/valency

equal to the number of unpaired electrons in the outer most shell; ex: H = 1, O = 2, N = 3, N = 4

covalent bonds

sharing of a pair of valence electrons, strong bond, can form a molecule

polar/nonpolar covalent bonds

polar: strong bond, unequally share electrons

nonpolar: equally share, strong bond

Ionic bonds

sharing of electron between metal and nonmetal, cation atom with + charge, anion atom with - charge

hydrogen bond

weak, but strong in numbers, bonds between H and O, N, or F

Van Der Waals Interactions

Weak chemical bonds: occurs when transient positive and negative regions of molecules attract each other

Chemical Reactions

Irreversible, make and break chemical bonds, break bonds that are in the current reactants to make a new product

hydrophilic

water loving, polar molecules which contain O-H or N-H polar covalent bonds

hydrophobic

water fearing, noncharged and nonpolar molecules like fats and oils

3 states of water

Liquid (H bonds constantly breaking and reforming), Gas (H bonds are completely broken), Solid (not enough energy to break bonds, less dense that liquid)

Cohesion

attraction of H2O due to H bonds

surface tension

is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid when placed under stress or tension, related to cohesion

adhesion

attraction between water molecules and other molecules, how plants get water from roots

Calorie

the amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temp of one gram of H2O by 1 C (trying to break H bonds); water has a high specific heat

Evaporation

liquid to a gas

Heat of vaporization

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted from a liquid to a gas

Evaporative cooling

H bonds need to be broken which uses a lot of energy from the surroundings so cools the environment where evaporation is taking place

solute

substance that is dissolved

solvent

liquid which dissolved a solute

solution

mixture of a solute and solvent

Acid

increases H+ concentration and lowers pH

Base

reduces H- and increases pH

pH scale

increases 10 fold every level; ex: pH 1 = .1 concentration, pH 2 = .01 concentration, pH + pOH = 14

Buffer

anything that minimizes changes in OH- and H+

Hydrogencarbons

consists of only C+H, hydrophobic, when broken they release a lot of energy

aliphatic hydrocarbon

linear chain of carbon atoms,

aromatic hydrocarbon

closed ring of carbon atoms

Beneze

found in amino acids, cholesterol; derivatives including estrogen and testosterone

isomers

compounds that have the same number and types of atoms of an element but are arranged differently

Structural Isomer

Differ in covalent arrangement and same molecular function

Geometric Isomer

Similar placement in covalent bonds, differ in how these bonds are made to the surroundings atoms

Cis configuration

bent structure, cannot be packed tightly so they remain liquid (oils) at room temp

Trans configuration

linear structure so can pack tightly and form solid fats

Enantiomers Isomers

Share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds, but differ in the three dimensional placement of atoms, so that they are non-super imposable mirror images

Hydroxyl (O-H)

Polar, found in alcohols and sugars, increases solubility, hydrophilic

Carbonyl (C=O)

polar, 2 types found in all simple sugars: aldehydes - terminal, ketones - internal, one or the other on every monosaccharide, hydrophilic

Sulfhydryl (S-H)

found in amino acids, helps to form a cross link to stabilize protien structure, polar, hydrophilic

Amino (NH2)

found in EVERY amino acid, polar, hydrophilic, acts as a base and will bind free H+ ions

Carboxyl (COOH)

found in fatty and amino acids, polar, hydrophilic, acts as an acid and will release free H+ ions

Phosphate (PO4)^-3

polar, found in every nucleotide and phospholipids, also found in ATP, hydrophilic

Methyl (CH3)

common in DNA gene expression regulation, nonpolar, hydrophobic, nonreactive, also important in sex hormones (lipids)

Macromolecules

large molecules composed of smaller molecules, complex in structure, most are polymers built from monomers and linked by covalent bonds; 3 of the classes of life are polymers (carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids; lipids are the exemption)

Building blocks of larger units of the cell

Sugars → polysaccharides

Fatty acids → Fats, lipids, membranes

Amino acids → Proteins

Nucleotides → nucleic acids

Polymer

Repetitive monomeric structure

dehydration reactions

monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions (water comes out), building a polymer water being taken away

hydrolysis reactions

how polymers can disassemble (water gets added/goes in), adding water into the new terminal end, being broken into a monomer

Carbohydrates or carbs

found in grains, fruits, veggies; provide energy to the body in from glucose, ratio of CHO is 1:2:1; 3 subtypes: mono, di, and polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

mono = one, connected by glycosidic bonds, can be combined into polymers, most names for sugars end in -ose, may be linear but mostly found as rings in aq solutions

Aldoses

Aldehyde sugar with the carbon present on the outside of the methyl

Ketoses

Ketone sugars, carbons present within the methyl group

Disaccharides

made of 2 monosaccharides and joined by glycosidic linkage; glucose + glucose = maltose

glucose + fructose = sucrose

glucose + galactose = lactose

Polysaccharides

long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds, may be branched or unbranched, major function is energy/energy storage and provides structure (cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi/arthropods)

Starch

storage polysaccharide; found in plants, made of glucose monomers, amylose = unbranched in alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds, amylopectin = branched in alpha 1-4 or 1-6 glycosidic bonds, GLUCOSE ONLY