HISTO REREMOVALS

Protoplasm

Living substance of a cell

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions occurring within protoplasm

Irritability

Ability to respond to stimuli and its environment

Contractility

Ability to shorten along its longitudinal axis

Secretion

Ability to take up small molecules from the blood and transform them into more complex and useful substances that are then released in the environment

Conductivity

Ability to transmit impulses

Excretion

Ability to get rid of waste products of metabolism and useless substances

Endocytosis

ability to engulf substances

Exocytosis

ability to discharge substances

Growth

Increase in the number (hyperplasia) or size (hypertrophy) of cells

Maintenance

Renewal and replacement of cells (through mitosis) to maintain the normal cell population

Reproduction

Increase in the number of cells through mitosis

Nucleus

command and control center of the cell.

Barr Body

distinct feature of a female

Cytosol

matrix or ground substance

Organelles

Living components of the cell

Cell Membrane

Defines the limit of cell

Cell Coat / Gylcocalyx

Carbohydrate-rich covering of a cell membrane

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes protein (by the attached ribosomes) for the use outside of the cell

Free Ribosomes

Scattered individually or in groups called polysomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Regions of ER that lack bound polyribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesis of the various phospholipid molecules that constitute all cellular membranes

Golgi Apparatus

Visible in cells that secrete substances

Mitochondria

Greek for "thread granule"

Mitochondria

"powerhouse of the cell"

Lysosome

Acts as the digestive system of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Internal skeleton of a cell

Tissue

A group of similar cells and their extracellular product

Cell

Living component of a tissue

Intercellular Substance

Major component of a connective tissue

Intercellular Substance

Non-living material produces by cell

Intercellular Substance

Fills interstices of tissue (between cells)

Amorphous Substance

Viscous, gel-like; binds large quantities of water.

Amorphous Substance

barrier to bacteria and shock absorber

Formed Substance

Fibrous in nature; chemically composed of neutral mucosubstances (glycoproteins)

Collagen Fiber

predominant fiber in most proper connective tissue

Collagen Fiber

"biological rope" because of its immense strength.

Elastic Fibers

Provide "springiness" and stretchability to the tissue

Reticular Fibers

The principal role is to form delicate scaffolding to anchor blood vessels and nerve fibers to the more robust surrounding connective tissue (CT).

Fluid

Liquid component of a tissue

Plasma

Fluid in the blood

Epithelial Tissue

Covers external surface of the body, lines internal surface of the body and forms exocrine glands

Epithelial Tissue

tissue consisting of closely aggregated cells apposed at most of their surfaces, having vert little intercellular space and resting on a basement membrane

Connective Tissue

Connects and supports other tissues and organs of the body

Muscle Tissue

Form the muscular wall of the tubular organs and flesh of the body

Nervous Tissue

Makes up the organs of the nervous tissue

Epithelioid

Tissue similar to a epithelium but lacks basal lamina

Surface Epithelium

Covers the outer surfaces of the body and organs

Simple Epithelium

1 layer of the cell that rest in the basal membrane

Stratified Epithelium

2 or more cell layers

Columnar Cell

Tall prismatic cell with oval, basally located nucleus

Cuboidal Cells

Cells with equal sides and with round oval centrally located nucleus

Squamous Cell

Thin flat cells with centrally located round oval nucleus

Surface Specializations

Structural modifications along the lateral, apical, and basal surfaces of the epithelium

Endocrine Gland

No ducts; secretions (hormones) are transported by blood and lymph to the site of utilization

Exocrine Gland

Secretions are released into an external or internal surface

Unicellular Gland

1 celled gland

Multicellular Gland

2 or more secretory cells that may form a cluster in the surface epithelium

Tubular Gland

Secretory unit is like hollow cylinder or test tube

Alveolar or Acinar Gland

Secretory unit is pear-shaped or tear drop

Tubuloalveolar or Tubuloacinar Gland

Secretory units are tubular and alveolar

Simple Gland

consists of branched and unbranched secretory units that all empty into a single undivided duct

Compound Gland

duct divides at least once and may form a duct system; secretory unit may or may not be branched

Serous Gland

Secretory a clear watery substance

Mucous Gland

Secretes a viscous substance

Mixed Gland

Secretes serous and mucous substances.

Apocrine Gland

Secretory cells release their secretions by pinching off their protruding apical regions

Halocrine Gland

Whole secretory cells die and are discharged together with their secretions.

Cytocrine Gland

Secretory cells transfer their secretory products to other cells

Endothelium

simple squamous epithelium modified for transport of materials between the vascular and connective tissue spaces

Mesothelium

simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities (e.g. peritoneal, pericardial and pleural cavities) and covers the visceral organs

Reticuloendothelium

known as the reticuloendothelial(RE) system.

Endocrine Epithelium

consists of hormone-secreting cells in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine glands

Surface Epithelium

Subjected to a certain amount of wear and tear because of its location

Glandular Epithelium

Regenerate by mitosis of the remaining cells in the secretory units

Blood

peripheral or circulating blood in the cardiovascular system

Blood

special type of adult connective tissue

Blood

principal component is fluid in the form of plasma

Hematopoiesis

development of the various blood cells.

Fluid

major component of the blood

Plasma

transparent yellow liquid vehicle for blood cells.

Serum

plasma without fibrinogen

Fibrin

latent in normal blood and occurs in the form of fibrinogen

Cells

second major component of blood

Erythrocytes / RBC

most numerous cells in the circulating blood

Howell-Jolly Bodies

Non-refractile nuclear remnants

Leukocytes / WBC

True cells with nuclei and organelles

Neutrophils

most common form of leukocyte in primates, dogs, cats, and horses

Neutrophils

known as "polys" or "PMNs" "polymorphonuclear leukocyte

Neutrophils

considered the "shock troops" of the body's defense against disease

Eosinophils

increase in number during allergic reactions and helminthic infections

Basophils

rarest of the granulocytes in circulating blood

Cytotoxic Cell

contain toxins harmful to the invading organism

Suppressor Cell

suppress the multiplication or harmful effects of invading organisms

Memory Cell

identify the same organisms in future infections and this able to combat the disease immediately

Monocyte

Not common in circulating blood, only 5% to 8% of all leukocyte

Monocyte

The largest of the circulating blood cells

Platelets

Cytoplasmic fragments of large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes, which are release into the circulating blood.

Erythropoiesis

development and maturation of erythrocytes.

Myelopoiesis or granulopoiesis

development and maturation of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils).