AP Bio Cellular Respiration

Krebs Cycle

Second step in Cellular Respiration

• 6CO2, 8NADH, 2FADH2 , 2ATP

• Takes place in the Mitochondrial Matrix

• Kinanase & Dehydroginase Enzymes

  • Substrate level phosphoralation

Aerobic

Cellular Respiration that requires oxygen

Anaerboic

Cellular Respiration that doesn’t require oxygen

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The connected reactions of the ETC(Proton Pumps) and the flow of H+ back through ATP synthase

• Makes ATP

Alcohol Fermentation

pyruvate —> ethanol + CO2

• Regenerates NADH+ from NADH

• Anaerobic

• 3carbon → 2carbon

Acetyl CoA

Used in Krebs to make ATP, NADH, FADH2, which then feeds into Cellilar Resp.

• Formed by the oxidation of a pyruvate

Cellular Respiration

The processes of making ATP

• Glycolysis, Krebs, ETC

Redox Reactions

Various reactions that make up Cellular Resp.

• LEO the lion goes GER

ATP Synthase

Sets up the H+ gradients and synthesizes ATP

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A very small amount of ATP

• Produced w/out the ETC →why it’s not a lot

Lactic Acid Fermentation

pyruvate → lactic acid

• Anaerobic process (w/o O2)

• Reversable

Oxidation 

pyruvate → acetyl (CoA) + CO2

• Transition from Glycolysis to Krebs 

Glycolysis

First step of Cellular Resp.

• Breaks 6Glucose down into 2Pyruvates (3C each)

Catabolism

Processes of breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules to produce ATP

• Happens in Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs, and ETC

Reduction

Gaining of electrons

• Stores energy (NADH)

Chemiosmosis

Process cells use to make ATP using H+ gradient

• Part of Oxidative Phosphorylation 

NAD+

Empty piggy bank waiting for an electron

NADH

Piggy bank w/ an Electron

• Holds electron until it’s needed to make ATP

Proton Motive Force

The gradient of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane

• High concentration outside membrane, (intermembrane space)  low concentration inside (matrix)

• Pumped out by Integral Protein 

Proton Gradient

Movement of H+ ions back into the Matrix

• Allowed through by ATP Synthase

  • This is what makes ATP

Photosynthesis

Converting light into glucose for energy

• Light-Dependent and Calvin Cycle

Non - Cyclic Photo-phosphorylation

Electrons move from Photosystem 2 →Photosystem 1 →NADP+

• It’s a line

Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own energy w/out taking it from other organisms

• Plants

Cyclic Electron Flow

Heterotrophs

Cannot produce their own ATP, get energy from consuming it

• Animals

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A Process of photosynthesis when electrons from Photosystem 1 make ATP and cycle back there instead of moving towards NADP+ 

• It’s a circle 

• Only makes ATP

Chlorophyll 

Pigments found in the chloroplast that absorbs light

Absorption Spectrum

Shows which pigments of light chlorophyll pigment can absorb

Mesophyll cells

Cells in the interior of the leaf

• Contains the chloroplast and pigments 

Chlorophyll A

Primary pigment for absorbing light

Rubisco

An enzymes that extracts CO2 from air

Stomata/Stroma

Pores on the leaf that allow CO2 in and O2 out

Action Spectrum

A graph that shows the effectiveness of photosynthesis under different wave-lengths 

C3 Plants

Fix CO2 directly through Calvin Cycle

• Most common plant

Chlorophyll B

Absorbs different wavelength of light and transfers that energy to chlorophyll A (usually red and blue)

Photorespiration

When O2 levels increase and plants breaks sugar w/o gaining ATP

Light Reactions

When light energy is converted into chemical energy

C4 Plants

A plant adapted to hot, dry climate that has a modified pathway to avoid photorepiration

• Fixes a carbon w PEP Carboxylase (Enzyme) then stores as a 4 carbon compound

Calvin Cycle

The process of turning CO2 into Glucose

Bundle-sheath cells

Specilized cells in C4 and CAM plants that help with Carbon fixation to avoid photorepiration

• Receive 4 Carbon from Mesophyll cells

• Release CO2 creating a CO2 high concentration

• Calvin Cycle occurs effectively fixing CO2 into sugars 

NADP+

Emoty electron carrier (Plant Version)

• Empty piggy bank

NADPH

Electron carrier (Plant Version)

• Full Piggy bank

Reaction Center Chlorophyll

A special pair of chlorophyll a molecules within a protein complex that converts light energy into chemical energy

• DIRECTLY donates e- to Primary Electron Receptor 

• Starts ETC

Photo-phosphorylation

Process of making ATP through the light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis 

Carbon fixation

Rubisco pulls CO2 out of the air and binds it to  (RuBp)

• Makes the CO2 “useable” for plants

PEP Carbosylase 

Fixes CO2 into 4 Carbon compounds

• Regenerates CO2in inner cells for Rubisco and keeps O2 away

• C4 Plants

Photosystem 1

Absorbs light energy to excite electrons made by Photosystem 2 which are used to make NADPH

Photosystem 2

Responsible for splitting water to release O2 and provide electrons

CAM Plants

Plants accumulated to hot/dry climates w/ adaptions to avoid photorespiration

• Opens/Closes stromates according to TIME

  • Cloded during the day, open at night

Thylakoid Membrane

Membrane inside the chloroplast where light dependent reactions take place