Bones Test

axial skeleton

the bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity

Axial Skeleton include what?

Skull, thoracic, vertebral

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs, or appendages.

Condyle

round articular projection

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Epicondyle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Ramus

Arm-like bar of bone

Spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening. Crack

Fossa

Shallow basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface. Depression or dip

Meatus

Canal-like passageway. Canal

Sinus

Bone cavity, filled with air and lined with mucous membranes. Cavity

Compact bone

Dense and made up of organizational units called Osteons. Hard and dense

Spongy bone (cancellous)

Composed of small trabeculae (columns) of bone and lots of open space. Lots of holes

Long bones

Much longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end. Most are long, narrow shafts and expanded ends.

What are long bones composed of?

Mostly compact bone

What are examples of long bones are?

Femur and phalanges

Short bones

Typically cube-shaped. Square or rectangular

What are Short bones composed of?

Composed more of spongy bone than compact bones.

What are examples of Short bones?

Tarsals and carpals

Flat bones

Generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a thicker layer of spongy bone between them. Thin and wafer-like

What are examples of Flat bones?

Cranium and Sternum

Irregular bones

Bones that don’t fall into one of the other categories (Long, Short or Flat).

What are examples of irregular bones?

Vertebrae

Sesamoid bones

Special types of short bones formed within the tendon. Forms within a tendon or ligament

What are examples of Sesamoid bones?

Patella

Wormian or sutural bones

Tiny bones between cranial bones.

Diaphysis

Shaft

Epiphysis

The end of the long bones

Periosteum

A fibrous membrane covering made up of dense irregular connective tissue. The membrane around the bone except for the ends

What is the function of the periosteum?

Blood vessels and nerves travel through the periosteum and invade the bone.

Sharpey's fibers or perforating fibers

Collagen fibers that penetrate the bone.

Articular cartilage

Covers the epiphysis in place of the periosteum. On the ends

Endosteum

The lining of the shaft. Lines the medullary cavity.

Epiphyseal plate

A thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during the youth. Growth plate

Epiphyseal lines

These areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants.

Medullary cavity

Central cavity of the shaft.

Yellow marrow

Essentially a storage region for adipose. Fat tissue

Red marrow

Forming blood cells. Makes blood cells.

Osteon (Haversian system)

A central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it.

Haversian canal (central canal, osteonic canal)

Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix.

(Concentric) lamellae

Arranged in concentric circles around the central canal.

Lacunae

Chambers

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Canaliculi

Tiny canals radiating outward from the central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella.

What is the function of Canaliculi?

Form a dense transportation network through the hard bone matrix, connecting all the living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply.

Volkmann's canals or perforating canals

Run at right angles to the shaft and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals.

How many bones are in the Vertebral Column?

33 bones

• 24 vertebrae single bones

• Fused sacrum bones

• Fused coccyx bones.

What are the three type of vertebrae?

1. Cervical vertebrae

2. Thoracic Vertebrae

3. Lumbar Vertebrae

How many Cervical Vertebrae are there?

7 Cervical Vertebrae. C1 - C7

How many Thoracic Vertebrae are there?

12 Thoracic Vertebrae. T1 - T12

How many Lumbar Vertebrae are there?

5 Lumbar Vertebrae. L1 - L5

How many fused sacrum vertebrae are there?

5 fused Sacrum Vertebrae. S1 - S5

How many fused Coccyx vertebrae are there?

3-5 fused Coccyx vertebrae, Tailbone. Co

Intervertebral disks

Pads of fibrocartilage, made of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus

Ruptured disc

Nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus and compresses adjacent nerves

What is the normal curvature of the Spine?

S shaped

What is the primary curvature of the spine?

Thoracic and sacral curvatures (convex), well developed at birth

What is the secondary curvature of the spine?

Cervical and lumbar (concave)

Scoliosis

Lateral from the midline

Kyphosis

Posterior curvature of the cervical and thoracic

Lordosis

Anterior curvature of the lumber

Body (centrum) of the vertebra

Rounded central weight-bearing portion of the vertebra.

Which way does the body of the cerebra face?

It faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column.

Laminae

Area between the processes

Vertebral arch

Composed of two pedicles and two laminae.

Pedicles

Area between the process and body.   

Anterior arch

The side of the arch near the body.

Posterior arch

The side of the arch near the Spinous process.

Vertebral (spinal) foramen

Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch.

What is the function of the vertebral (spinal) foramen?

A passageway for the spinal cord.

Transverse processes

Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.

Spinous process

Single medial and posterior projection formed at the junction of the two laminae.

Superior articular process

Single medial and posterior projection formed at the junction of the two laminae.

Inferior articular process

Typically faces away from the spinous process.

Intervertebral foramina

Notches on pedicles, between vertebrae, must have 2 vertebrae stacked together to see- where the nerve comes out of.

Characteristics of the Cervical Vertebrae

• Forked spinous processes on C2 - C6 (Bifid process)

• Oval body

• Transverse Foramen- vertebral arteries pass through on way to the head

• Triangular Vertebral Foramen

Atlas

C1

• no body, no spinous process, full sits on top, can nod “yes”.

Axis

C2

• has odontoid process (dens), can rotate head to say “no”

Transverse Foramen

Vertebral arteries pass through on way to the skull.

Characteristics of the Thoracic Vertebrae

• Larger body than the Cervical body

• Heart-shaped body

• Demifacets on each side of body for head of the ribs

• Articular facets on transverse processes for tubercle of the ribs

• Vertebral Foramen is oval or round

• Long sharp spinous process pointing down.

Characteristics of the Lumbar Vertebrae

• Massive bodies

• Short think spinous processes

Where does the spinal cord ends?

It ends at the top of L2.

Why is a lumbar puncture or “saddle block done below L3 or L4?

The covering of the spinal cord (containing cerebral spinal fluid - CSF) extends further than L2 so the spinal cord would not get injured.

What does the Thoracic Cage contain?

• Sternum

• Ribs

• Thoracic Vertebrae

What does the Rib Cage consist of?

• True Ribs (T1 - T7)

• False Ribs (T8 - T10)

• Floating Ribs (T11, T12 and sometimes T10)

• Costal Cartilage

True Ribs

T1-T7

• Attach directly to sternum by their own costal cartilage

False Ribs

T8 - T10

• attach indirectly via costal cart of rib 7

Floating Ribs

T11, T12, and sometimes T10

• Do not attach to sternum

Costal Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

Cranium

Contains 8 bones

Enclose and protect the fragile brain tissue