California History Quiz 2

Better NAWT Fail This Time Bae

most traveled sea route; cheaper than Panama Canal but slower; average 4-8 months

Cape Horn Route

greatest hazard of the overland route

miners died from disease, cholera epidemic, scurvy, firearm, accidents, snakebite, homicide, dehydration

quickest route to California; most expensive; two government steamships controlled; waited long and desperately to catch the first ship.

Panama Canal

what disease is caused by mosquitos

Yellow Fever

two government steamship companies; main goal to initiate mail service to Pacific coast

United States Mail Steamship and Pacific Mail Steamship

two regions of gold mining in California; divided into Norhtern/Southern diggings

Sierra Nevadas; most prosperous along Sacramento River

Poker Flat, Downievile, Rough and Ready, Placervile

Major mining towns

different types of minery

1. Panning

2. Long Tom

3. Hydraulic Mining

4. Rocking

easiest form of mining for gold flakes; 48ers got biggest bulk of gold nuggets; sifting through the mud and water

panning

using a 10-foot or longer box with grating; chanel river run →over pay dirt downhill

Long Tom

using a machine to separate the gold; sluicing with a hose with high water pressure through mountains

Hydraulic Mining

two man job; one pours water, other rocks box like a cradle; another shovels rocks into box

Rocking

people coming together and investing in a space for mining to fund the project and share the profit

joint-stock

1. allowed to stake a claim no one owned land; just occupied for a time

2. could occupy as long as you work 6 days a week

3. if abandoned or failed to work could be evicted

Mining codes

an elected official by miners that enforced rules and kept track of occupation / claims; settled disputes

aleade

miners owed the government _____ (fraction) of their minerals

one third

criminal that only robbed Wells Fargo stagecoaches of gold; only took the strong locked boxes; worked alone

• left a note saying “Black Bark, P08”

• shot at by passenger and followed to his camp

Black Bart

the origin of shotgun

driver and passenger holding a shotgun to protect against robbery

no government order when it came to vigilantism so worked to control crime in San Francisco

Vigilance Committee

chinese were especially despised embodying to the nativist american the ultimate foreigner

largest ethnic minority; accounted for a seventh of the 48ers; 20,000 in 1852

foreigner tax license to work; generally $20 a month (amount usually made by common miners); 1852 repealed and changed to $3 tax; grew racial tensions

The Miner’s Tax of 1850

California would not have become a US state without (geopolitics)

the population brought in from the gold rush

• Gold-seekers tipped the demographic balance

• Miners settled in places where other settlers hadn’t gone yet

• Angolos mythologized Indians as savages and inherent violence

Decimation of California Indians after 1849

Pomo Indians were enslaved, abused, and forced into labor by settlers until they killed them; Army stepped in and virtually killed everyone

The Bloody Island Massacre

• part of Yakan language group in upper california

• Militia company ambushed his Yahi tribe; he was few that survived by using tule to breathe underwater

• taken in by A.L. Kroeber a USC anthropologist

Ishi

legal genocide / scalp bounties

California counties legally offered bounties for Indian scalps in the 1850s; professionals collected dozens

• Only major Indian War fought in California; 600 US Army troups, 60 Modoc fighters, outnumbered but pretty successful

• war began with Klamath and Yahooskin tribes; Modoc forced to live amongst the two rivals

• Lava formations were why topography made an ideal fortification

Modoc War (Stronghold Battle / Massacre)

he was hung for killing general Canby during negotiations

Kintpuash (Captain Jack)

superintendent to keep reservations organized

A. Meachaun

leader on band of Modoc; teamed up with Kintpuash; he and cohorts killed 14 settlers in retaliation

Hooker Jim

• Alfred Meacham, General Canby, Reverend Thomas were negotiating to remove the Modoc to Klamath Reservation

  • shooting broke out and kintpuash fled to Sand Butte

The Peace Commission Massacre (April 1983)

natives were circled and sat like children during carpet time begging for food and being “organized”; safer for women to ask for food hand-outs

Fort Gaston

Richard Pratt (Assimulation)

“you have to kill the Indian to save the man”

• lasted 6-months so were unaffective in the long run

• children forbidden from speaking their native languages

• shaved their heads; taken from tribes / ways of life; boys labor training and girls domestic training

• sent back to influence others

off-reservation schools

despite declining populations…

Indian farm laborers played a vital role in California becoming an agricultural industry throughout 19th century

cultural impact

• assimulation policies- apprenticeship programs and indentured servants

• 100,000 start of gold rush, 20,000 by 1900

• diseases, low birth rates, scattered communities

___met with Grenvile Doge in 1859 as a railroad lawyer hoping for the best route for a Pacific railroad to the west

Lincoln; #1 supporter of Trans-US Railroads