Zoology (Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Organization) (copy)

Taxonomy and Phylogeny

Naming system must reflect the order and relationships that arise from evolutionary processes.

Systematics or Taxonomy

The study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of the evolutionary relationships among them

Phylogeny

A description of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms and is usually depicted using tree diagrams.

Karl Von Linne

Modern Taxonomy is rooted in the work of _____

Taxon

Any grouping of animals that shares a particular set of characteristics forms an assemblage

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Nomenclature

Is the assignment of a distinctive name to each species.

Domains and Kingdoms

The highest levels of classification in the taxonomic hierarchy are

Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Three major evolutionary lineages.

Eubacteria

The domain containing the bacteria. These organisms are the most abundant organisms, with more than 70 phylum-level lineages

Archaea

Domain containing microbes that are distinct from bacteria in genetic structure and function.

Archaea

Domain that has a cell wall structure that is different from the bacteria. These differences unite a diverse group of microbes.

Extremophiles

Are able to live in high-temperature environments (up to 121°C).

Others live at very cold temperatures within glacial ice.

Still others live in ocean depths at pressures 600-1,000 times atmospheric pressure.

Eukarya

The domain containing organisms with compartmentalized cells.

Compartmentalization

Permits the evolution of specialization within cells.

Eukarya

True multicellularity and the evolution of tissues, organs, and organ systems evolved only in this lineage

Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Three Kingdoms within Eukarya,

Cryptomycota

Group of freshwater organisms very closely related to fungi

Protista

Single-celled Eukaryans

This set of lineages was formerly designated as a single kingdom.

Asymmetry

Absence of a central point or axis around which body parts are equally distributed, characterizes most protists and many sponges.

Radial Symmetry

The arrangement of body parts such that any plane passing through the central oral- aboral axis divides the animal into mirror images.

Biradial Symmetry

The paired arrangement of some structures in radially symmetrical animals

Pentaradial

The arrangement of structures in fives around a radial animal

Bilateral Symmetry

Arrangement of body parts such that a single plane, passing between the upper and lower surfaces and through the longitudinal axis of an animal, divides the animal into right and left mirror images

Aboral

The end containing the mouth of a radially symmetrical animal

Oral

The end containing the mouth of a radially symmetrical animal

Anterior

The head end; usually the end of a bilateral animal that meets its environment

Posterior

The tail end

Caudal

Toward the tail

Cephalic

Toward the head

Distal

Away from the point of attachment of a structure on the body

Proximal

Toward the point of attachment of a structure on the body

Dorsal

The back of an animal; usually the upper surface; synonymous with posterior for animals that walk upright

Ventral

The belly of an animal; usually the lower surface; synonymous with anterior for animals that walk upright

Inferior

Below a point of reference

Superior

Above a point of reference

Lateral

Away from the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror images

Medial

On or near the plane that divides a bilateral animal into mirror image