Anatomy and physiology 1

Anatomy

The study of the form of the human body.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the human body.

Characteristics of Living Things

Cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction.

Levels of Organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

Gross Anatomy

Examines structures that can be seen with the unaided eye.

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines structures that require a microscope to see.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Integumentary System

Protects the body from the external environment, produces vitamin D, retains water, and regulates body temperature.

Skeletal System

Supports the body, protects internal organs, provides leverage for movement, produces blood cells, and stores calcium salts.

Muscular System

Produces movement, controls body cavities, and generates heat.

Nervous System

Regulates body functions and provides sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses.

Endocrine System

Regulates body functions through chemical secretions called hormones.

Cardiovascular System

Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to lungs and oxygen-rich blood to tissues.

Lymphatic System

Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and provides immunity against diseases.

Respiratory System

Delivers oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

Digestive System

Digests food, absorbs nutrients, removes waste, and maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance.

Urinary System

Removes metabolic wastes from the blood and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance.

Reproductive System

Produces and transports sperm/eggs and hormones, and provides for fetal development in females.

Anatomical Position

Standing upright with feet shoulder-width apart, arms at sides, and head and palms facing forward.

Directional Terms: Anterior/Ventral

Toward the front.

Directional Terms: Posterior/Dorsal

Toward the back.

Directional Terms: Superior/Cranial

Toward the head.

Directional Terms: Inferior/Caudal

Away from the head.

Directional Terms: Proximal

Closer to the point of origin (trunk for limbs).

Directional Terms: Distal

Farther from the point of origin (trunk for limbs).

Directional Terms: Medial

Closer to the midline.

Directional Terms: Lateral

Farther from the midline.

Directional Terms: Superficial

Closer to the surface.

Directional Terms: Deep

Farther below the surface.

Axial Region

Includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Region

Includes the upper and lower limbs.

Region of the Body: Cephalic

The head.

Region of the Body: Cranial

The skull.

Region of the Body: Frontal

The forehead.

Region of the Body: Occipital

The back of the head.

Region of the Body: Buccal

The cheek.

Region of the Body: Mental

The chin.

Region of the Body: Nasal

The nose.

Region of the Body: Ocular

The eye.

Region of the Body: Oral

The mouth.

Region of the Body: Otic

The ear.

Upper Limb Region: Acromial

The point of the shoulder.

Upper Limb Region: Antebrachial

The forearm.

Upper Limb Region: Antecubital

The anterior surface of the elbow.

Upper Limb Region: Axillary

The armpit.

Upper Limb Region: Brachial

The arm.

Upper Limb Region: Carpal

The wrist.

Upper Limb Region: Digital

The fingers (or toes).

Upper Limb Region: Metacarpal

The metacarpals (bones of the hand).

Upper Limb Region: Pollex

The thumb.

Lower Limb Region: Coxal

The hip.

Lower Limb Region: Crural

The anterior surface of the leg.

Lower Limb Region: Femoral

The thigh.

Lower Limb Region: Hallux

The great toe.

Lower Limb Region: Metatarsal

The metatarsals (bones of the foot).

Lower Limb Region: Patellar

The anterior surface of the knee.

Lower Limb Region: Pedal

The foot.

Lower Limb Region: Plantar

The sole of the foot.

Lower Limb Region: Popliteal

The posterior surface of the knee.

Lower Limb Region: Sural

The posterior surface of the leg.

Lower Limb Region: Tarsal

The ankle.

Trunk Region: Abdominal

The abdomen.

Trunk Region: Cervical

The neck.

Trunk Region: Gluteal

The buttocks.

Trunk Region: Inguinal

The groin.

Trunk Region: Lumbar

The lower back.

Trunk Region: Palmar

The palm.

Trunk Region: Pelvic

The pelvis.

Trunk Region: Pubic

The pubis.

Trunk Region: Sacral

The sacrum.

Trunk Region: Sternal

The sternum.

Trunk Region: Thoracic

The chest.

Trunk Region: Vertebral

The spinal column.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into right and left parts.

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal right and left parts.

Parasagittal Plane

Divides the body into unequal right and left parts.

Frontal Plane (Coronal)

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse Plane (Horizontal)

Divides the body into superior and inferior or proximal and distal parts.

Body Cavity

Any fluid-filled space within the body.

Main Types of Body Cavities

Dorsal and ventral body cavities.

Dorsal Body Cavity Subcavities

Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.

Ventral Body Cavity Subcavities

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

Main Organ in the Cranial Cavity

Brain.

Main Organ in the Vertebral Cavity

Spinal cord.

Main Organs in the Pleural Cavities

Lungs.

Main Organs in the Mediastinum

Heart, great blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus.

Main Organ in the Pericardial Cavity

Heart.

Main Organs in the Abdominal Cavity

Digestive, lymphatic, and urinary systems' organs.

Main Organs in the Pelvic Cavity

Reproductive, digestive, and urinary systems' organs.

Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ).

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

Right hypochondriac, Left hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right lumbar, Left lumbar, Umbilical, Right iliac, Left iliac, Hypogastric.

Serous Membrane Layers

Visceral layer (contacts organ) and parietal layer (attaches to surrounding structures).

Function of Serous Membranes

Secrete serous fluid to lubricate organs and prevent friction.

Main Serous Membranes

Pleural (lungs), pericardial (heart), peritoneal (abdominal organs).

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Feedback Loop Components

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response.

Negative Feedback

Opposes the initial stimulus and decreases effector activity to restore homeostasis.

Positive Feedback

Reinforces the initial stimulus and increases effector activity.

Gradient

Present when more of something is found in one area than another.