Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology Practice Flashcards

This flashcard set provides questions and answers based on the Human Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology lecture transcript, covering biological organization, chemical foundations, cellular biology, and all major organ systems.

What are the two approaches used in studying anatomy according to the notes?

Systemic anatomy (study by systems) and Regional anatomy (study by areas)

Which level of body organization involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules?

Chemical Level

What are the four primary types of tissues found in the human body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

What is the definition of an organism?

Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as human

Which organ system is responsible for producing blood cells and storing minerals and adipose tissue?

Skeletal System

How is Metabolism defined in the characteristics of life?

The ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction

What is the average normal value for a variable in a homeostasis mechanism called?

Set point

Which component of a negative-feedback mechanism monitors the value of a variable by detecting stimuli?

Receptor

In anatomical terminology, what does the term 'Proximal' mean?

Closer to a point of attachment

Which abdominal region contains the bladder, sigmoid colon, and reproductive organs?

Hypogastric

What are the three major types of subatomic particles and their charges?

Neutrons (no charge), Protons (positive), and Electrons (negative)

Which chemical bond occurs when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?

Covalent Bond

What is the normal pH range of human blood?

$$7.35-7.45$$

In chemistry, what is the 'Octet Rule'?

The tendency of atoms to combine with other atoms until each has $8$ electrons in its valence shell

What term describes all the synthesis reactions that occur in the body?

Anabolism

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent in a solution?

A solute is the substance to be dissolved, and a solvent is the predominant liquid or gas

Which organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell and the major site of ATP synthesis?

Mitochondria

What are the four phases of Mitosis in order?

$1$. Prophase, $2$. Metaphase, $3$. Anaphase, $4$. Telophase

Which tissue type is nonvascular and is capable of regeneration?

Epithelial tissue

What are the five major symptoms of inflammation?

Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), and Functio laesa (loss of function)

What is the first step of gene expression that takes place in the nucleus?

Transcription

How many trillions of cells are estimated to make up a human organism?

Trillions

What are the three layers of the embryo that form during development?

Endoderm (inner), Mesoderm (middle), and Ectoderm (outer)

What protein makes the skin more rigid and durable during the process of keratinization?

Keratin

Which layer of the dermis accounts for $80\%$ of its thickness?

Reticular layer

What is the 'rule of nines' used for in medical contexts?

Estimating the percentage of body surface area affected by burns

What is the structural and functional unit of compact bone?

Osteon (or Haversian system)

Which hormones are responsible for raising blood $Ca^{2+}$ levels?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D

How many total bones are typically found in the adult human skeleton?

$$206$$

What is the smallest portion of a skeletal muscle capable of contracting?

Sarcomere

What is the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Which division of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) transmits action potentials to skeletal muscles?

Somatic nervous system

Which brain structure controls balance, muscle tone, and fine motor movements?

Cerebellum

What are the two major divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

Sympathetic (fight or flight) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Which pancreatic cells are responsible for secreting insulin?

Beta cells

What is Hematopoiesis?

The process that produces formed elements in the blood

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle regarding electrical activity on an ECG?

P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization)

Which enzyme converts $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions in red blood cells?

Carbonic anhydrase

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx

What is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine production?

Nephron

What is the definition of Menarche?

The first episode of menstrual bleeding

Which hormone is the bases of a pregnancy test?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)