[CSI106] Chapter 7-12

An operating system acts as an interface between… and the user.

Computer hardware

What is the small program stored in ROM that loads the operating system into RAM called?

Bootstrap program

What is the technique that allows multiple programs to reside in memory at the same time to increase CPU efficiency called?

Multiprogramming

Which component of the OS is responsible for managing the creation, deletion, and access to files?

The file manager

What is a program that is in execution in memory defined as?

A process

Which memory management technique removed the requirement that the entire program must be in memory for execution?

Demand paging

What is the concept that allows a system to run programs with a total size larger than the available physical memory?

Virtual memory

What is the state of a process when it is waiting for an I/O event to complete?

Waiting

Which scheduler is responsible for moving a process between the Ready, Running, and Waiting states?

The process scheduler

What is the situation called when two or more processes are waiting for each other's resources in a circular chain?

Deadlock

In contrast to deadlock, what is the situation called when a process is perpetually denied necessary resources to run?

Starvation

In the UNIX operating system, what is the command-line interface that receives and interprets user commands called?

The shell

In the Windows architecture, which layer is responsible for hiding hardware differences from the upper layers?

The Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)

The UNIX operating system is considered highly portable because it is written primarily in which language?

The C language

Which operating system, developed by Linus Torvalds, has a kernel based on the architecture of UNIX?

Linux.

What is a step-by-step method for solving a problem, which accepts input and produces output, called?

B. An algorithm

Which of the three basic constructs involves executing instructions one after another in order?

A. Sequence

Which construct is used to test a condition and execute different sets of instructions based on the result?

C. Selection (Decision)

Which of these is a pictorial representation of an algorithm's flow and structure?

D. UML diagram

Which algorithm representation uses an English-like structure but is not a formal programming language?

B. Pseudocode

What is the main purpose of sorting algorithms?

A. To arrange data according to its values

Which sorting algorithm repeatedly finds the smallest element from the unsorted part and moves it to the sorted part?

C. Selection sort

Which searching algorithm requires the list to be sorted before it can work efficiently?

B. Binary search

What is a self-contained portion of an algorithm that can be called upon to perform a specific task?

D. A subalgorithm

An algorithm that calls itself to solve a problem is known as?

A. Recursive

What is the essential component of a recursive algorithm that prevents it from running forever?

C. A base case

Which searching method checks each item in a list from the beginning until the target is found?

A. Sequential search

What is the more formal definition of an algorithm?

D. An ordered set of unambiguous steps that produces a result and terminates in a finite time

In a binary search, where is the first comparison made?

C. In the middle of the list

Which sorting algorithm works by repeatedly swapping adjacent elements if they are in the wrong order?

B. Bubble sort

What is the only language that computer hardware can directly understand?

C. Machine language

Which translator converts the entire source program into an object program before execution?

C. Compiler

Which programming paradigm considers a program an "active agent" that manipulates "passive objects"?

B. Procedural

In object-oriented programming (OOP), what is the "blueprint" for creating objects called?

B. Class

What is the ability of a method to be executed in different ways for different objects in OOP called?

A. Polymorphism

LISP and Scheme are classic examples of which programming paradigm?

C. Functional

PROLOG is a typical language for which programming paradigm?

D. Declarative

What is the intermediate code generated by the Java compiler before being executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) called?

C. Bytecode

What is a named location in memory used to store data that can change during program execution called?

B. Variable

Which parameter passing method creates a copy of the original data, preventing the subprogram from changing the original variable's value?

C. Pass by value

Which part of the translation process is responsible for grouping characters into meaningful units (tokens)?

C. Lexical analyzer

In OOP, what is the principle that allows a class to acquire the properties and methods of another class called?

A. Inheritance

The languages C, Pascal, and FORTRAN are examples of which paradigm?

A. Procedural

When using pass by reference, what does the subprogram actually receive from the main program?

B. The memory address of the variable

What is a program that translates and executes code line-by-line called?

D. Interpreter

What is the a fundamental concept in software engineering that describes the cycle of development, use, and modification of software?

B. Software lifecycle

Which development model follows a strict, sequential flow where one phase must be complete before the next begins?

A. Waterfall model

Which development model builds software in a series of steps, starting with a simple version and adding functionality over time?

C. Incremental model

The goal of which phase is to define WHAT the software will do, without specifying HOW?

A. Analysis phase

What is the goal of the design phase?

B. To define HOW the system will accomplish its tasks

The measure of how tightly two modules are bound to each other is called?

D. Coupling

The measure of how closely the elements within a single module are related is called?

C. Cohesion

In software design, what is the ideal for coupling and cohesion?

A. Low coupling, high cohesion

What is the name for testing that is based on knowing the internal structure of the software?

B. Glass-box testing

What type of testing focuses on functionality without knowledge of the internal code?

A. Black-box testing

Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) and Use-Case Diagrams are tools primarily used in which phase?

D. Analysis phase

What type of documentation is created to help users run the software system properly?

C. User documentation

Which quality factor refers to the ability to move software from one hardware platform to another?

B. Transferability

What is the primary goal of the testing phase?

A. To find errors

Breaking a large project into smaller, more manageable parts is known as?

D. Modularity

What is a sequenced collection of elements, all of the same data type?

C. An array

What is a collection of related elements, possibly of different types, that are treated as a single unit?

B. A record

In a linked list, what is the term for an element that contains data and a pointer to the next element?

D. A node

How are individual elements in an array typically accessed?

B. Through their index or subscript

What is each named element inside a record called?

A. A field

Which data structure is generally more efficient for inserting and deleting elements at the beginning of a list?

D. A linked list

What does the link field of the last node in a simple linked list contain?

C. A null pointer

Which statement best describes the difference between an array and a record?

A. An array's elements are the same type

a record's fields can be different types.

The process of visiting every element in a list exactly once is called?

C. Traversal

If a 2D array is stored one row after another in memory, what is this storage method called?

B. Row-major storage

What is the only search algorithm that can be used on a standard linked list?

B. Sequential search

Which data structure is generally better for applications requiring frequent random access to elements by their position?

A. An array

What is the main memory overhead of a linked list compared to an array?

C. Each node needs extra space for the link/pointer.

What do we call a combination of an array and records, for example, to store information for 30 students?

D. An array of records

What is the name of the pointer that identifies the first element in a linked list?

A. Head pointer