AP Statistics Flashcards

These flashcards focus on key statistics terms and their definitions relevant to AP Statistics.

Binomial

Fixed number of trials, with success/failure and same probability of success (p).

P-value

Probability of observing data as extreme or more extreme than what was observed, assuming the null hypothesis (H0) is true.

IQR

Interquartile Range, calculated as Q3 - Q1.

r²

Coefficient of determination, representing the percentage of variation explained by the regression line.

Median

Middle value of ordered data.

Skewed Right

Distribution where the mean is greater than the median.

CLT

Central Limit Theorem; states that the sampling distribution approaches normality as the sample size (n) increases, typically n ≥ 30.

Scatterplot

Graphical representation showing the direction, form, and strength of a relationship between two variables.

Geometric

Distribution of trials until the first success occurs.

Standard Deviation

Measure of spread or dispersion around the mean.

Conditions

Assumptions required: Random, Normal, and Independent.

Expected Value

The theoretical mean of outcomes from a random variable.

Hypothesis Test

Statistical test comparing the null hypothesis (H0) against the alternative hypothesis (Ha).

Correlation (r)

Quantitative measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

Mean

The average of a set of data points.

Interpret slope

Indicates that for each unit increase in x, y increases by the slope value.

Blocking

Experimental design technique grouping participants based on known variables.

Confounding

When other variables are intertwined with the treatment effect, potentially biasing results.

Type I Error

Error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.

Random Sample

Sample that reduces bias and represents the population fairly.

Experiment

Study that includes random assignment to different treatments.

Outlier Rule

A value is considered an outlier if it is less than Q1 - 1.5IQR or greater than Q3 + 1.5IQR.

Placebo & Double-Blind

Methods used in experiments to reduce bias by controlling expectations and knowledge of participants and researchers.

Type II Error

Error made by failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Skewed Left

Distribution where the mean is less than the median.

Observational Study

Study design where no treatment is imposed on participants.

Interpret CI

Confidence Interval; indicates the level of confidence that the true parameter lies within the interval.