BIOL 1406 Collin college, exam 1 review, Comprehensive Biology and Biochemistry Review for Independent Students

define biology

scientific study of life

know 7 features common to all living things

1. living adapt/change to living conditions

2. living things respond to the environment

3. reproduction

4. growth and development

5. energy processing

6. regulation

7. order

what are the levels of the organization of life? describe them (top -> down)

1. the biosphere

- the portion of earth inhabited by life

2. ecosystems

-living and nonliving components in a particular area

3. communities

- all the living organisms in an ecosystem

4. populations

-a localized group of individuals of one species

5. organisms

- an individual living entity

6. organs

-composed of several types of tissues

7. tissues

- a group of cells with a common structure and function

8. cells

- the fundamental structural unit of life

9. organelles

- a structure that performs a specific function ​in a cell

10. molecules

- a cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

what is meant by emergent properties

a result of the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system

describe energy flow through an ecosystem (producers, consumers, decomposers)

producers- plants and other photosynthetic organisms

consumers- eat plants and other animals

decomposers- recyclers, break down organic matter into simple nutrients plants can absorb

what is the role of structure and function

structure dictates function

-birds way their bones are light (structure), allows them to be able to fly (function)

what makes up chromosomes. Genes? What do they do?

-chromosomes contain most of a cells genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

-genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

-DNA is the substance of genes

define gene expression

is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

what is genomics? define genome

genome- is its entire set of genetic instructions

genomics- the study of all genes (DNA) for a specific organisms

describe negate and positive feedback

negative- means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows and less of the product is produced

positive- means that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced

what is the core theme of biology

evolution! it explains that divinity in organisms that we see on earth right now and everything around you

what is taxonomy

branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

what are 3 domains? what are their main characterics?

three domains of life:

1. organisms are divided into three domains

2. domain bacteria and domain archaea compose the prokaryotes

3. most prokaryotes are single-celled and microscopic

what did Charles Darwin publish and when

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

what did Darwin infer

Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce; overtime more individuals in a population will have the adantageous ​traits (natural selection)

know the theory of natural selection and its relationship to the evolution? what is an adaptation?

Natural selection results in the adaptation of organisms to their environment (ex: bat wings)

what is meant by tree of life

descent with modification (leave bones) (ex: snake)

their fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification

define science

to know

what does the scientific process involve

making observations, forming logical hypotheses, and testing them

what are two types of data

qualitative date= descriptions

quantitative date= reorded or measured

differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning

inductive reasoning- draws conclusions through the logical process of induction

repeating specific observations can lead to important generalizations

deductive reasoning- uses general premises to make specific predictions

define hypothesis. what must it always be?

it is a tentative answer to a question

know example of snake mimicry for scientific method

when the animal acquires traits to make another animal think it is something else (to think it's not harmful)

what is a controlled experiment

compares an experimental group (king snake) with a control group (brown snake) change only one factor to see results

define thrower in science

an athlete who specializes in a track and field event that involves throwing a projectile, or a person who shapes pottery on a potter's wheel. The term can also describe a thing or device that projects something, such as a mechanism that launches a projectile. 

what is the goal of technology

is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

define a cell. what are the two main types? define them

cells- are enclosed by a membrane

use DNA as their genetic information

two main types

eukaryotic cell- has membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA containing a nucleus

prokaryotic cell - lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

What ar the 3 kingdoms under Eukarya? what are their main characteristics

three kingdoms of life:

1. plantae- produce their own food by photosynthesis

2. fungi- which absorb nutrients

3. animalia- which ingest their food

what is matter

is anything that takes up space and has mass

What is an element? A compound?

element- a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

compound- is a substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

how many elements are there

92

what elements make up living matter

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

what is a trace element? know iodine & iron example

those required by an organism in minute quantities

define atom. what are the subatomic particles

atom- the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

subatomic particles:

-neutrons- have no charge

-protons- positive charge

-electrons- negative charge

what is found in the atomic nucleus

protons and neutrons

where are electrons in an atom

moving around the circle when drawn (cloud-like fashion)n

what is measure in daltons

neutrons mass and protons mass are almost identical and are measured in this

what is atomic number? mass number? atomic mass?

atomic number- the number of protons in its nucleus

mass number- the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

atomic mass- atoms total mass

define isotopes, radioisotopes. what are applications of radioisotopes?

isotopes- two atoms of an element that differ in numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotopes- decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

applications for radioactive isotopes: dating fossils, tracing atoms through metabolic processes, and diagnosing medical disorders

define energy, potential energy

energy- capacity to cause change

potential energy- energy that matter has because of its location or structure

define electron shell. what does it tell us about energy levels of electrons?

electrons state of potential energy is called energy level

what determines the chemical behavior of an atom

determined by the distribution of electrons in the electron shell

define valence electrons and valence shell

valence electrons- outermost shell

valence electrons = valence shell

what is meant by inert

lacking the ability or strength to move.

define orbitals. what are they?

is the three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

each electron contains a certain number

how many electrons are in each electron shell?

2 in first, 8 in second, 8-13 in third

define chemical bond. why are they formed

chemical bonds- results in atoms staying close together hed by attractions

define covalent bond. a molecule. singe and double bonds

covalent- sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms; formed when there are shared electrons

molecules- consists of 2+ atoms held together by covalent bonds

sings bound- sharing of one pair of valence electrons

double bound- sharing of 2 pairs of valence electrons

define electronegativity. non polar & polar bonds

electronegativity- atoms attraction for electrons in a covalent bond (more powerful electronegativity, more it will pull shared electrons towards itself)

nonpolar-atoms share the electron equally

polar bonds- one atom is more electronegative, atoms do not share the electron equally

what is an ion, cation, anion

ion- charged atom

cation-positive charged ion

anion- negative charged ion

define ionic bonds

attraction between an anion and a cation

describe ionic compounds, salts (table salt ex)

compounds formed by ionic bounds or salts

what are they strongest bonds? weakest?

strong- covalent

weak- ionic

when does a hydrogen bond from

when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

what is meant by Van Der Waals Interactions

attractions between molecules that are Cole together as a result of these charges

what is the relationship between a molecules shape an functions

determined by the position of its atoms valence orgitalks; can have 3D shapes

what does a chemical reaction do? define reactants and products (photosynthesis is ex)

chemical reactions make or break chemical bonds

reactants- starting molecules of a chemical reaction

products-final molecules of a chemical reaction

what is meant by chemical equilibrium

is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

how is water significant to life

water is the biological medium on earth

most cells are surrounded by water, cells themselves are about 70-95% water

describe water as a polar molecule

the opposite ends have opposite chargers

what are the 4 properties of water that contribute to suitability to life

1. cohesive behavior

2. ability to moderate temperature

3. expansion upon freezing

4. versatility as a solvent

define kinetic, heat, temperature

kinetic everything ion motion

heat- meausre of the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion

temperature-

define calorie

(cal) around of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 C

what is specific heat? of water?

substance is the amount of heat that must by absorbed or lost for 1g of that substnace to change its temp by 1C

how does water resist temperature change

high specific heat traced to hydrogen bonding

what is heat of vaporization

is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas

what is evaporative cooling

helps stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water

what does ice float? what is the significance

in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice ar more ordered making ice less dense

define solution, solvent, solute, aqueous solution

solutions- liquid thats a homogeneous mixture of substances

solvent- is the dissolving agent of a solution

solute- substance that is dissolved

aqueous solution- one in which water is the solvent

what makes water a versatile solvent

polarity, being able to hydrogen bonds easily

what is a hydration shell

ionic compounds is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules

what types of molecules dissolve in water

compounds made of nonionic polar molcues

define hydrophilic & hydrophobic substances

hydrophillic- substance is one that has an affinity for water

hydrophobic- substance is one that does not have an affinity for water

define molecular mass, mole, and molarity

molecular mass- sum of all masses o fall atoms in a molecule

mole- (mol) 6.02*10^23 (advadrogans number)

molarity- (M) number of moles of solute per liter of solution

what shifts occur in a hydrogen atom of water to form a hydrogen or hydroxide ion

can shift from H+ to OH-

what does the pH scale describe

whether a solution is acidic or basic

define acid & base

acid- substance that increases the H+ concentration of a oslution

base- any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution

define pH as a function of H+ concerntration

the negative base-10 logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in an aqueous solution, expressed as pH = -log₁₀[H+]. This logarithmic function provides a convenient scale from 0 to 14 for expressing acidity or alkalinity; a higher H+ concentration (more acidic) results in a lower pH, while a lower H+ concentration (more alkaline) results in a higher pH.  

what pH scale values are associated with neutral, acidic, or basic solutions

nubmers: 0-14

acidic- 0-6

neutral-7

basic-8-14

define a buffer

substances that minimize changes in concentratons of H+ and OH- in a solution

what is ocean acidification and what causes it

CO2 dissolved in sea water forms carbonic acid

describe acid precipitation and what causes it

is rain, fog, snow with a pH lower than 5.2

what are organic compounds

living organisms consist mostly of carbon-bas compounds -> first to form the body

describe the formation of bonds with carbon

4 valence electrons, carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

makes large, complex molecules

what is a carbon skeleton

formed from carbon chains

-vary in length and shape

what are hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

-fats have hydrocarbon componets

-can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

define isomer

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

what is the difference between structural, cis-trans isomers

structural- different covalent arrangements of their atoms

cis-trans- have the same covalent bonds but different in spatial arrangements

what is meant by enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of eachother

define functional groups. why are they so important

the components of organic molecules that are most commonly invovled in chemical rections

-number and arrangement of functional groups give means molecule its unique properties

know the 7 functional groups and which elements make them up

hydroxyl

carbonyl

carboxyl

amino

sulfhydryl

phosphate

methyl

OHI

C=O

COOH

NH2

SH

PO4

CH3

what is ATP? why is it so important

primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell

biology

The scientific study of life.

cytology

The branch of biology that studies cells.

homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions.

genetics

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.

ecology

The branch of biology that deals with the relationships of organisms to one another and to their physical environment.

emergent properties

Properties that arise from the interactions among the components of a system.

hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, which can be tested.

theory

A well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world that is based on a body of evidence.