Chapter 6: Radiation Protection in Medical Radiography

Biology

Study of life and living things

What are all things made of

cells

What two types of cells are there

-Somatic
-Reproductive (germ)

Somatic cells

Cells forming all tissue EXCEPT reproductive cells

Reproductive (germ) cells

Those cells containing hereditary information

what do cells form

tissue

what is tissue

molecules bonded together

what do tissues form

organs

What do organs form

systems

What do body systems do

Control and regulate our life by:
-Regulating vital life functions
-Reproducing
-Providing protection
etc.

How many body systems are there

10

Organs

groups of tissue working toward the same functions

What are the two types of bonds that cells have to form tissues

-Covalent (sharing electrons)
-Ionic (using the true charge of the atoms to come together)

In order to injure an organ by radiation, what has to happen

We must affect the cell at the cellular level by damaging one or more organs found in the cell

Can somatic and reproductive cells withhold the same amount of damage

no

What is the human organism controlled by

the process of each cell

What can a cell all do/their jobs

-Regulate the total body function as well as its own function
-Reproduce
-Protect themselves from injury and disease
-move/stay still
-Grow
-React
-Repair damage

What is a cells main function

Maintain homeostasis or a state of equilibrium in times of injury, stress, exercise, or disease

What are the three essential things a cell need and for what reason

-Food: source of energy
-Oxygen: to break down food
-Water: to transport inorganic substances in and out of the cell. transport system to bring things in and out of the cell

What happens when food comes into a cell in a form that is unusable

the cell must break it down and oxygen is needed for this

What happens if molecules come into a cell that cannot be used

the cell must break it down or produce its own energy

What is the main solvent for chemicals

water

Effects of radiation to a cell (worst case scenario)

Radiation can affect a cell by destroying the cell completely or change the cell function

Can cells repair themselves

yes

How do cells repair themselves

with repair enzymes

how much of the cell can be repaired

can fix up to 90% of the damage caused

What are the two main components cells are made up of

-Protoplasm
-cytoplasm

Five functions of cells

-building blocks of all living things
-carries on the process of metabolism
-receives/processes food and oxygen
-eliminates waste
-contains organic (carbon) and non organic material

Organic materials listed

-Proteins
-Carbohydrates
-lipids (fat)
-nucleic acids

Inorganic materials listed

-water
-mineral salts

Protoplasm function

Building block of all cells

Do all cells have protoplasm

yes

Protoplasm

Thick viscous fluid in which four things are found

What four things are found in protoplasm

-The chemical processes of the body are carried out (metabolism)
-Food and oxygen are received and processed
-Waste materials are transported out of the cell into the blood for removal
-Organic and inorganic materials

Is protoplasm made up more of organic or inorganic materials

80-85% water which is inorganic

What does water all do in a cell

-Medium for dissolving acids, bases, mineral salts
-Main solvent for other chemicals
-Acts as transport system
-Helps maintain body temp
-Cushions the vital organs (lungs and brain)
-Lubricates digestive system and joints
-Concentrates other dissolved chemicals like bile

Mineral salts percentage

Mineral salts is a very small percentage of the protoplasm but very necessary for sustaining cell life

What percentage of protoplasm is made of organic materials

19%

Whats the order of largest abundance of organic materials that make up protoplasm of cell

-Protein (15%)
-Fats (2%)
-Carbs (1%)
-nucleic acids (>1%)

What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds

-Organic material contain carbon
-Inorganic material will not contain carbon (think water which is hydrogen and oxygen)

Carbon

Basic element of all organic matter

What contains the most carbon of all organic materials

Proteins

What percentage of a cell does proteins make up

15%

What is protein essential for

New growth, including hair and nails

What are proteins formed by

22 different amino acids and peptide bonds

Where are proteins found

-Found in structural muscles
-Found in enzymes (including repair ones)
-Hormones
-Antibodies

Where do antibodies come from

bone marrow cells called B lymphocytes

The arrangement of amino acids in different ways to produce specific proteins which will determine the function of the cells

protein synthesis

What determines the cell function

proteins and each cell must produce its own kind

What dictates to the cell what type of protein to produce

The master molecule

What's the master molecule of each cell

-Nucleus and the DNA and chromosomes

Name of antibodies from bone marrow

B lymphocytes

Name of antibodies from other cell areas

T lymphocytes

What do antibodies do

detect the prescence of an antigen (virus, bacteria, or flu) and will chemically attack them

Initial barrier to antigens

skin

Another name for carbohydrates

Saccharides

What percentage of the cell do carbohydrates make up

1% of a cell

What do carbohydrates range from

simple to complex

What is the function of carbohydrates

primary source of short term energy or fuel for a cell metabolism

Is carbohydrates found in every cell

yes

what type of cells have the highest concentration of carbohydrates

muscle and liver cells

What do carbs all include

starches and simple to complex sugars

Another name for simple sugar

monosaccharide

Another name for complex sugar

Polysaccharide

What do complex sugars need to have done

they must be broken down

How are carbs composed

strands of sugar molecules

Where else are carbs found

cell wall

Function of carbohydrates

Give the cell short term energy and provide the fuel for the cells metabolism

What are lipids almost named

fat

How much of a cell do lipids make up

2%

What makes up lipids and how are they formed

fatty acids. Formed when glucose is broken down in a cell

What body parts are lipids found in

all body tissue

Functions of lipids

-Store long term energy
-insulate
-Protect the body and organs
-Essential for growth
-Assists the digestive process

How much of the cell do Nucleic acids make up

1%

What size are nucleic acids

Very large molecules

what are nucleic acids composed of

Nucleotides

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids

How many types of nucleic acid are there and what are they

2
-DNA
-RNA

What specificially are nucleic acids composed of

Made up of nitrogen and a 5 sugar and phosphate molecule

Master Code or blueprint for every cell

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

What are two functions of DNA

-Carries all genetic information for the reproduction of the cell
-Regulates cell activities

Where is DNA found specifically

Found in nucleus only-unable to leave nucleus

What appearance does DNA have

spiral staircase/double helix appearance

What makes up the double helix of DNA

Sugar phosphate rails and pairs of nitrogenous bases or rungs

What does adenine always bond with

thymine

What does cytosine always bond with

guanine

Master molecule of the cell

DNA, dictates the cells function and what proteins to manufacture, when to divide, other chemical reactions etc.

What happens when DNA divides

Produces a direct copy of the original cell

Can radiation injure the DNA molecule

Yes and it has the abillity to kill it

where does RNA come from

comes from DNA

can RNA leave the cell

yes

How many forms of RNA are there and what are they

2 forms
-mRNA
-tRNA

messenger RNA

Carries info from DNA to the ribosome

Transfer RNA

Assembles the proteins needed found in the mRNA at the ribosome

Where are the protein recipes that the cell needs found

DNA

Ribosome

-Protein assembler of the cell where mRNA is sent

What does transfer RNA combine with and to do what

Combines with the other amino acids from different areas of the cell to form the correct sequence and proteins

What are chromosomes made of

DNA

How can chromosome appearance be described

tiny rod shaped bodies

How many chromosomes does a normal human have in a somatic cell

23 pairs (total of 46)