Freuds principal ideas and why he inspired controversy
Tags & Description
Freuds principal ideas and why he inspired controversy
Treated mental disorders and believed in the Unconscious self and was the creator of psycho analysis, sparked controversy as he believed that sexual desires were the basis of daily action
Unconscious self
desires, thoughts, memories that are well below the surface of conscious awareness
Psychoanalysis
treatment of mental disorders.
Watson's influence of psychology
Proposed removing the study of consciousness to only study observable behaviors, forfather of behaviorism
Behaviorism
a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavio
Skinner's contribution
radical behaviorist that believed free will was a lie with everything being controlled by outside forces.
humanism
believed Psychoanalysis and behaviorism were dehumanizing, they believed in a more optimistic approach.
what historical events contributed to the emergence of psychology
WW1 and WW2 where soldiers struggled from PTSD
trends emerging in the 1950s-1960s
(decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and language) became popular with new medical technology advancements to scan the brain. This returned to the study of consciousness and how behaviors are shaped by brain function, injuries to the brain, heredity, and neurotransmitters.
Why has western psychology shown more interest in cultural varibles
1.Advances in communication travel and international trade have “shrunk” the world 2. The ethnic makeup of the western world has increased.
Evolutionary psychology
(examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations.) the basic ideas being behaviors are different in different species from evolutionary processes
Positive psychology
(uses theory and research to better understand positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence) Developed by Martin Seligman after saying his daughter is grumpy and realizing he has a negative approach to life and so does psychology.
Growth of pcychology
The growth of psychology comes from the increase in interest in the field with a drastic rise in the American Psychological Association (APA) members from 35 to 75,000. Most have private practices, then working in colleges or universities, with clinical work being third.
Developmental psychology
Looks at development throughout life but mainly focus on the adolescent stage
Social psychology
FOcuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces governing behavior
Educational psychology
Studies how people learn and what's the best way to teach them
Health psychology
focus on what psychological factors relate to the promotion of good health
Physiology psychology-
Examine how genetic factors act on behavior on the brain
Experimental psychology
encompasses the tradition core topics of psychology focusing heavily on the science, sensational, perception, learning, condition, motivation, and emotion
Cognitive psychology-
Focuses on “higher” mental processes such as memory, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, etc
Psychometrics
is concerned with the measurement of behavior and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests. Determined to test personality, intelligence, and a wide range of abilities
Personality-
interested in finding a person's constituency in behavior, which represents personality.
The three unifying themes
Psychology is Empirical. Psychology is theoretically diverse Psychology evolves in a social historical context
Empiricism
knowledge should be collected through observation
Theory-
is a system of interrelated ideas (multiple theories in psychology)
social historical context
Psychology's past and current studies are used in psychology making it an ever growing amount of information while using the history in modern practice
4 unifying themes in psychology
Behavior is determined by multiple causes Behavior is shaped by cultural heritage Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior People's experience of the world is highly subjective
Behavior is determined by multiple causes
As psychology has developed more and more information of what governs behavior appear, people judge you based on one behavior
Culture
Shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutes, and other products of the community that are transmitted socially across generations
Critical thinking
is purposeful, reasoned, goal-directed thinking that involves problem-solving, formulating inferences, working with probabilities, and making careful thought out discussions.
Goals of the scientific enterprise.
Measurement and description Understanding and prediction Appliance and control
Measurement and description
We have to find a way to measure results
Hypothesis:
tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
Variables:
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled and observed
Appliance and control
Information collected will have some practical use in the real world
Steps in a scientific experiment
Formulate a hypothesis Design a study Collect the data Analyze the data and draw conclusions.
Experiment
is a research method in which the investigator can manipulate variables under carefully controlled conditions and observes in any changes occur to the second variable as an result
Independent variable,
Variable being manipulated
Dependent variable
Variable measured for change based on the independent variable.
Experimental group,
consists of subjects who get special treatment in regard to the independent variable
Control Group,
simular group not given the special treatment
Correlation
exists when two variables relate to each other
Postive correlation
change in the same direction
Negative correlation
have inverse relationship
correlation variable
-1-1
Naturalistic observation
The major strength of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to study behavior under conditions that are less artificial than in experiments.
Case studies
Case studies are particularly well suited for investigating certain phenomena, especially the roots of psychological disorders
Surveys
Surveys are often used to obtain information on aspects of behavior that are difficult to observe directly. Surveys also make it relatively easy to collect data on attitudes and opinions from large samples of participants
Replication in research
is important to ensure the accuracy of research.