transportation and urbanization

Traffic congestion – tắc nghẽn giao thông. Why is traffic congestion a major issue in big cities?

It leads to wasted time, increased air pollution, and stress, especially during rush hours.

Public transportation – phương tiện giao thông công cộng. How can public transportation benefit urban areas?

It reduces traffic, lowers emissions, and provides affordable travel for low-income citizens.

Urban sprawl – đô thị hóa tràn lan. What are the downsides of urban sprawl?

It increases travel time, decreases green space, and makes infrastructure more expensive to maintain.

Infrastructure development – phát triển cơ sở hạ tầng. Why is infrastructure development important for cities?

It supports economic growth, improves quality of life, and ensures efficient transportation and utilities.

Pedestrian-friendly – thân thiện với người đi bộ. How can cities become more pedestrian-friendly?

By building sidewalks, safe crossings, and reducing car dominance to encourage walking and reduce pollution.

Cycle lanes – làn đường cho xe đạp. What is the benefit of creating more cycle lanes?

They promote eco-friendly transport, reduce traffic congestion, and encourage healthy lifestyles.

Urban planning – quy hoạch đô thị. Why is effective urban planning essential?

It helps cities grow sustainably, balancing housing, transport, and green spaces.

Housing shortage – thiếu nhà ở. How does housing shortage affect urban life?

It leads to overcrowded conditions, high rents, and can increase homelessness.

Rural-to-urban migration – di cư từ nông thôn ra thành thị. What causes rural-to-urban migration?

People move for jobs, education, and better services, but this can strain city infrastructure.

Overpopulation – bùng nổ dân số. Why is overpopulation a problem in urban areas?

It overwhelms transport, schools, hospitals, and causes more pollution and waste.

Urban lifestyle – lối sống thành thị. How does urban lifestyle differ from rural life?

It’s usually faster-paced, more stressful but offers more opportunities and entertainment.

Traffic accidents – tai nạn giao thông. What can be done to reduce traffic accidents?

Governments can improve road safety, enforce laws, and educate drivers and pedestrians.

Air pollution – ô nhiễm không khí. How is urban transportation linked to air pollution?

Cars and buses release emissions that degrade air quality and harm human health.

Commuting time – thời gian đi làm. Why is long commuting time a concern?

It reduces work-life balance, causes fatigue, and affects mental well-being.

High-rise buildings – nhà cao tầng. How do high-rise buildings help urban development?

They save space, accommodate more people, and are ideal in land-scarce urban centers.

Green space – không gian xanh. Why are green spaces important in cities?

They reduce heat, improve air quality, and offer recreational areas for residents.

Urban poverty – nghèo đói ở đô thị. What challenges are linked to urban poverty?

Poor housing, limited access to healthcare and education, and social exclusion.

Parking problems – vấn đề chỗ đậu xe. How do parking problems affect city life?

It leads to illegal parking, traffic jams, and driver frustration.

Road infrastructure – hạ tầng giao thông đường bộ. What is the role of good road infrastructure?

It ensures smoother traffic flow, reduces accidents, and supports economic activities.

Sustainable transport – giao thông bền vững. Why should cities invest in sustainable transport?

It reduces environmental damage and creates healthier, more livable cities.

Noise pollution – ô nhiễm tiếng ồn. How does noise pollution affect urban residents?

It causes stress, sleep problems, and reduces overall life satisfaction.

Urban regeneration – tái phát triển đô thị. What is the purpose of urban regeneration?

To improve decaying city areas, attract investment, and enhance living conditions.

Metro system – hệ thống tàu điện ngầm. How does a metro system solve urban transport issues?

It offers fast, efficient travel that reduces road traffic and pollution.

Traffic law enforcement – thực thi luật giao thông. Why is traffic law enforcement important?

It ensures safety, reduces violations, and builds discipline among road users.

Affordable housing – nhà ở giá rẻ. Why is affordable housing necessary in urban areas?

It helps low-income families live close to jobs and reduces inequality.

Smart city – thành phố thông minh. What is the role of technology in a smart city?

It improves traffic flow, energy use, public services, and makes cities more efficient.

Urban decay – sự xuống cấp đô thị. What are the signs of urban decay?

Abandoned buildings, high crime rates, and lack of public services are common indicators.

Gated communities – khu dân cư có cổng. Why are gated communities popular in cities?

They offer security, privacy, and exclusive facilities but may promote social division.

Car ownership – sở hữu xe hơi. How does rising car ownership affect cities?

It leads to more congestion, parking demand, and higher carbon emissions.

Urban employment – việc làm ở đô thị. Why is urban employment attractive to migrants?

Cities often offer more diverse job opportunities, though competition and living costs are high.