The Endocrine System

What are classic symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

Fatigue, weight loss without trying, increased appetite, increased thirst (polydipsia), and frequent urination (polyuria).

What is the normal range for blood sugar levels?

Normal blood sugar levels are 70 to 100 mg/dl.

What does OGTT stand for and what is its normal result?

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; a normal result should be below 140 mg/dl within 2 hours.

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Prolactin.

What is the function of insulin?

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake into cells, inhibiting glucose production in the liver, and preventing the breakdown of glycogen.

What are the main hormones produced by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

How do water-soluble hormones act on cells?

They cannot enter the cell and act on plasma membrane receptors, typically using a G-protein second messenger system.

What is the role of glucagon in the body?

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis in the liver.

What are the signs of diabetes mellitus (DM)?

The three cardinal signs are Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia.

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by sending releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones, influencing hormone secretion.

What is hyperthyroidism, and what is one common cause?

Hyperthyroidism is the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones, commonly caused by Graves’ disease, an autoimmune condition.

What are exocrine glands?

Exocrine glands have ducts, produce non-hormonal substances, and secrete products onto an external or internal surface.

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

The pancreas produces insulin (to lower blood sugar) and glucagon (to raise blood sugar).

What physical role does aldosterone play in the body?

Aldosterone helps regulate blood volume and blood pressure by promoting sodium and water retention in the kidneys.

What effects do epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the body?

They increase heart rate, blood glucose levels, and prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses.

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Type 1 diabetes is due to hyposecretion of insulin, while Type 2 diabetes is due to hypoactivity of insulin, often resulting from insulin resistance.

What are some clinical signs of hypothyroidism?

Symptoms include low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold intolerance, hair loss, and mental sluggishness.

How many plasma proteins and where are they made?

3; liver

Albumin

osmosis fluid regulator “sponge”- keep H2O in blood vessels-not let H2O leak into your tissues

Globulins

antibodies-fight infection-IgM, IgE, IgD, IgA, IgG

Fibrinogen

converts to Fibrin-sticks platelet plugs in place- make blood clots sticky

What causes Intrinsic clotting?

Smoking, diabetes, infection, HPT/HBP

Intrinsic Clotting steps

Injury, platelet plug, coagulaltion, prothrombin →Thrombin, thrombin → Fibrinogen, Fibrin

Extrinsic Clotting

outside trauma/injury, damaged tissue

Hemorrhasic

bleed out too much