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environment
everything living and nonliving around us which we interact in a complex web of relationships that connect us to one another and to the world we live in.
environmental science
an interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the living and nonliving parts of their environment.
ecology
the biological science that studies how organisms interact with one another and with their environment.
natural resources or capital
materials and energy in nature that are essential or useful to humans. Ex. water, soil, wildlife, minerals, forests
natural services
processes in nature, such as purification of air and water and renewal of topsoil, which support life and human economies. Ex. recycling, purification, pest control
resource
anything that we can obtain from the environment to meet our needs and wants.
perpetual resource
a resource that has a continuous supply that can last at least 6 billion years. Ex.: the sun
renewable resource
a resource that takes anywhere from several days to several hundred years to be replenished through natural processes, as long as we do not use it up faster than nature can renew it. Ex.: fish populations, forests
sustainable yield
the highest rate at which we can use a renewable resource indefinitely without reducing its available supply.
nonrenewable resource
resources that exist in a fixed quantity, or stock, in the earth's crust. It takes millions to billions of years to renew. Ex.: copper, coal
reuse
using a resource over and over in the same form.
recycling
involves collecting waste materials and processing them into new materials.
economic growth
an increase in a nation's output of goods and servicese. Percentage of change in a country's GDP.
gross domestic product (GDP)
the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all businessees, foreign adn domestic, operating within a country.
per capita GDP
the GDP divided by the total population.
economic development
an effort to use economic growth to improve living standards.
pollution
any presence with the environment of a chemical or other agent such as noise or heat at a level that is harmful to the health, survival, or activities of humans or other organisms.
Point sources
single, identifiable sources of pollution. Ex.: drainpipe of a factory.
non-point sources
dispersed and often difficult to identify sources of pollution. Ex.: runoff from fertilizers.
pollution cleanup or output pollution control
involves cleaning up or diluting pollutans AFTER we have produced them.
pollution prevention or input pollution control
reducing or eliminating the production of pollutants.
Tragedy of the Commons
when many common-property and open-access renewable resources are degraded. Ex.: depleting the world's oceans of fish.
ecological footprint
the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a particular country or area with an indefinite supply of renewable resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use.
IPAT
a simple model showing how population size, affluence, and the beneficial and harmful environmental effects of technologies help to determine the environmental impact of human activities.
exponential growth
when a quantity such as the human population increases at a fixed percentage per unit of time, such as 2% per year. It starts off slowly, but eventually doubles again and again.
environmental worldview
your set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and what you think your role in the world should be.
environmental ethics
beliefs about what is right and wrong with how we treat the environment.
planetary management worldview
holds that we are separate from and in charge of nature, that nature exists mainly to meet our needs and increasing wants, and that we can use our ingenuity and technology to manage the earth's life-support systems, mostly to our benefit, indefinitely.
environmental wisdom worldview
holds that we are part of, and dependent on, nature and that nature exists for all species, not just for us.
environmentally sustainable society
a society that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and equitable manner without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs.
ecologist
biological scientists studying the relationships, between living organisms and their environment
conservation biologist
investigate human impacts on the diversity of life found on the earthand develop practical plans for preserving such diversity.
preservationist
concerned primarily with setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities.
conservationist
concerned with using natural areas and wildlife in ways that sustain them for current and turture generations of humans and other forms of life.
restorationist
devoted to the partial or complete restoration of natural areas that have been degraded by human activities
gross national income (GNI)
the market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced within and outside a country during a year
gross national income in perchasing power parity (GNI PPP)
the market value of a country's GNI in terms of goods and services it would buy in the US (a way to compare the standards among countries)
gross world product (GWP)
the market value in current dollars of all goods and services produced during a year
per capita GNI
the GNI divided by total population at mid-year (way to make comparison's of people's economic welfare among countries)
rule of 70
70/percentage of growth rate=doubling time in years
doubling time
the number of years (base on specified growth rate) it take a population to double in size
economically depleted
when the costs of extracting and using what is left exceed its economic value
atom
the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
proton
positively charged subatomic particles, found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
a subatomic particle that has the same mass as a proton but no electric charge
electron
a negatively charged subatomic particle
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
compounds
two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions by attractive forces called chemical bonds.
chlorofluorocarbons
compounds of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine atoms
complex carbohydrate
made by linking a number of simple carbohydrate molecules like glucose
electromagnetic radiation
radiation consisting of waves of energy associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge
covalent bond
formed when atoms in the molecule share one or more pair(s) of their electrons; a.k.a. nonmetal-nonmetal
elements
simple substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
energy
The capacity to do work or to produce heat
energy efficiency
the amount of useful energy that can come from a system
energy quality
A measure of an energy's source's ability to do useful work.
feedback loop
Occurs when an output of matter, energy, or information is fed back into the system as an input and leads to changes in that system.
flows
a throughput of matter and energy within the system at certain rates, and outputs to the environment.
high quality energy
energy concentrated at a high capacity to do useful work
high quality matter
highly concentrated, found near the earth's surface and has great potential as a resource
gene
consist of specific sequences of nucleotides in a DNA molecule, each gene carries the codes required to make various proteins
gamma ray
a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation
inorganic compounds
compounds that do not contain carbon
inputs
resources such as energy, matter and information from the environment entering a system
isotopes
atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
law of conservation of energy or first law of thermodynamic
the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
law of conservation of matter
the idea that matter is neither created nor destroyed in only changes form
low-quality energy
Energythat is dispersed and has little ability to do useful work. Ex: low temp heat
mass number
the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
matter quality
a measure of how useful a substance is, based on availability, accessibility, and concentration
molecule
the smallest particle (one or more atoms) of a substance that has all the properties of that substance
natural radioactive decay
a nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving particles, high energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate
negative feedback loop
A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving
nuclear change
Occurs when nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change or are made to change into nuclei of different isotopes.
nuclear fission
A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy
nuclear fusion
the combination of the nuclei of small atoms to form a larger nucleus; releases energy
organic compounds
carbon-based molecules (most abundant compound besides water)
pH
a value that indicated the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0-14, based on the proportion of H+ ions.
physical change
one in which the form or appearance of matter changes, but not its composition
positive feedback loop
Causes a system to change further in the same direction.
potential energy
stored energy that is latent but available for use. A rock poised at the top of a hill or water stored behind a dam are examples.
proteins
produced in cells by linking different sequences of about twenty different monomers known as alpha-amino acids
nucleic acids
made by linking hundreds of thousands of five different types of monomers called nucleotides, each nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule with five carbon atoms, and one of the four different nucleotide bases
radioisotopes
heavier isotopes that are unstable and tend to decompose to become more stable
second law of thermodynamics
any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some of the initial energy input is always converted to low quality, more dispersed, less useful energy.
synergistic interaction
Interaction of two or more factors or processes so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects
synergy
the interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects
system
a collection of structures, cycles, and processes that relate to and interact with each other
throughputs
rate of flow of matter, energy and information into a system - a process that allows input to be changed so it is useful to system (text example: gasoline to car)
time delays
Time lag between the input of a stimulus into a system and the response to the stimulus
sinks
where pollutants and wastes end up and can accumulate to harmful levels
ionic bond
strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
alpha particles
fast-moving, positively charged chunks of matter that consist of two protons and two neutrons
half-life
the time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotopes to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope
lipid
biologically important molecules that are not polymers including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and various steroids
atom
the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
proton
positively charged subatomic particles, found in the nucleus of an atom
neutron
a subatomic particle that has the same mass as a proton but no electric charge
electron
a negatively charged subatomic particle