Hist 4B

Carolingian Renaissance

A revival of learning and culture that occurred in the 8th-9th centuries, promoting religious education and manuscript preservation.

Cluny

A center of monastic reform founded in 910, emphasizing strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict.

Gregorian Reforms

Reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII aimed at eliminating simony and enforcing clerical celibacy.

Simony

The buying or selling of church offices, considered a grave sin that led to significant church reform movements.

Donatio Pepini

An event in 754-756 that strengthened the alliance between the Frankish monarchy and the Papacy, establishing the Papal States.

Investiture Controversy

The conflict between secular rulers and the Church regarding who had the authority to appoint bishops and abbots.

Magna Carta

A document signed in 1215 that limited the king's power and asserted certain legal rights for nobles.

Bayeux Tapestry

An embroidered cloth depicting the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England, serving as propaganda for William the Conqueror.

Vikings

Norse seafarers known for raiding and trading across Europe, gradually converting to Christianity between the 9th and 11th centuries.

Feudalism

A social system in medieval Europe where the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service and vassals were tenants of the nobles.

Justinian's Code

The codification of Roman law under Emperor Justinian, which influenced many legal systems in Europe.

Peace of God

A movement aimed at restricting violence during the medieval period, protecting non-combatants from feudal warfare.

Sic et Non

A work by Peter Abelard that questioned contradictions in Church doctrine and influenced the development of Scholasticism.

Chivalric ideals

A code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood, promoting virtues like bravery, honor, and respect for women.

Nika Revolt

A riot in 532 that challenged Justinian's rule, leading to his use of military force to suppress the rebellion.

Holy Roman Emperor

A title held by rulers in medieval Europe, beginning with Charlemagne in 800, symbolizing the union of Christian and secular authority.

Chartres Cathedral

A masterpiece of Gothic architecture and a major pilgrimage site known for its stained glass windows.

Thomas Aquinas

A theologian and philosopher whose works argued for the compatibility of faith and reason, significantly shaping Catholic theology.