Psychopathology Ch 3

Paradigms (definition, description)

A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations. Also called a paradigm.

Models of abnormality (emphases; comparisons, contrasts; strengths, weaknesses)

Biological model (description, examples, strengths and weaknesses)

Biological treatments (drug therapy, ECT, TMS, neurosurgery)

ECT is Electroconvulsive therapy, a treatment in which a brain seizure is triggered when an electric current passes through electrodes attached to the patient's forehead.

Neurosurgery is brain surgery for mental disorders

Neurons (dendrites, axons, synapses)

A neuron is a nerve cell

A synapse is The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another.

Nervous system (neurotransmitters, example); endocrine system (hormones)

Neurotransmitter: A chemical that, released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic space to be received at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons. A receptor is a site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter. Hormones are the chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream.

Psychodynamic model (description, various theories, strengths and weaknesses); object relations theory

object relations theory is the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior.

Id, ego, and superego (description, characteristics); pleasure principle and reality principle

id is the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses. ego is the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle. Superego is the psychological force that represents a person's values and ideals.

Defense mechanisms (descriptions, examples)

According to psychoanalytic theory, strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse.

Freud's developmental stages (names, characteristics); fixation

Fixation is a condition in which the id, ego, or superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.

Ego theory, self theory, and object relations theory (descriptions, characteristics)

self theory is the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self — our unified personality.

Psychodynamic therapy (description, course, techniques)

Dream interpretation (manifest/latent content); free association; resistance and transference; catharsis

Free association is a psychodynamic technique in which the client describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant.

Resistance is An unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy.

Transference is the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a client's life, now or in the past.

Catharsis is the reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems.

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Cognitive-behavioral model (description, goal, examples, strengths/weaknesses, dominance/research support)

Behavioral model (description, examples, strengths and weaknesses)

Classical conditioning

A process of learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a person's mind and produce the same response.

Conditioned stimulus and conditioned response (description, example)

Operant conditioning

A process of learning in which individuals come to behave in certain ways as a result of experiencing consequences of one kind or another whenever they perform the behavior.

Modeling (description, example

A process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.

Self-efficacy

Behavioral therapies (types, uses)

Exposure therapy; systematic desensitization (description, components, purposes)

A behavior-focused intervention in which fearful people are repeatedly exposed to the objects or situations they dread.

Cognitive model (description, examples, strengths and weaknesses)

Cognitive therapy (types, theorists)

Acceptance and commitment therapy; mindfulness-based psychotherapy (description, techniques)

Humanistic-existential model (description, examples, distinctions, strengths and weaknesses)

Existential therapy

A therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value.

Rogers' client-centered therapy (description, key concepts, example); Gestalt therapy (techniques, examples)

Client centered is The humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers in which clinicians try to help clients by conveying acceptance, accurate empathy, and genuineness.

Gestalt therapy is The humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises.

Religion and psychological health

Sociocultural models (family-social, multicultural; description, treatments, strengths and weaknesses)

Multicultural perspective is the view that each culture in a society has particular values, beliefs, and pressures that influence the behavior and functioning of its members.

Family systems theory is a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.

Interpersonal psychotherapy is a therapy that addresses four interpersonal problem areas that may be leading to psychopathology: interpersonal losses, interpersonal role disputes, interpersonal role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.

Community treatment approach (description, focus); group therapy and self-help groups (distinctions)

Community mental health treatment is a treatment approach that emphasizes community care.

Group therapy is a therapy format in which people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems. A support group is a group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leadership of a clinician. Also called a self-help group, peer group, or mutual-help group.