APSC 451 Exam 2

What is the largest tissue mass in the body of a horse

muscles

Muscles make up how much of the body weight

50%

True or false muscles provide movement internally and externally

True

How do muscles perform work

by contracting to allow for motion and vital functions

true or false not every muscle has a nerve bringing commands to the brain

False each muscle consists of one or more nerves bringing
commands to and from the brain

What are the 3 types of muscles the body consist of

Smooth (involuntary)

cardiac (involuntary)

skeletal

Describe smooth muscles (alternate name, where they’re found, function)

– Involuntary
– Also called visceral muscle
– Found in the digestive, respiratory, urinary and
reproductive systems
– Capable of prolonged periods of activity without
fatigue

True or false cardiac muscles are fund only in the heart

true

the rate of contraction for the cardiac muscles are controlled by what

autonomic nervous system

do the cardiac muscles require conscious control

no

Skeletal muscles are usually found where

usually attached to the bony levers of the skeleton

true or false, skeletal muscles may attach its fleshy fibers to bone

true

But usually, main part terminates in cordlike
structure called a tendon that transmits the pull of
the muscle while it contracts

true

Skeletal muscles are generally arranged in what

Generally arranged in opposing sets (one set bends
the limb or body, while the other straightens it)

are both sets of skeletal muscles operating at the same time

typically

true or false voluntary muscles can only contract for a short time before becoming fatigued

true

muscles work by ____ & _____

Contracting (shortening of muscle fibers)
– Relaxing (lengthening muscle fibers

what are flexor muscles

a muscle group that flexes causing joints to bend

that are extensor muscles

Other muscle group extends (extensor muscles)
causing joint to straighten

The contractile portion of voluntary muscles consist of what

elongated muscle cells, side by side and lengthwise of the muscle

elongated muscle cells, side by side and lengthwise
of the muscle

Muscle contraction occurs in response to…

nerve stimulaton

muscle contraction requires energy from what

Adenosine Triphosphate

true or false, all forms of energy must be converted to ATP
before contraction can occur, it is the only form of energy acceptable to muscle

true

What are the 3 basic fuel systems providing material to produce ATP for muscle contractions

Phosphagen system, Glycogen/Lactate system, Citric acid or Krebs cycle

describe the phosphagen system

• Rapidly available source of energy, stored in muscle cells
• Supports anaerobic work for approximately 30 seconds
• Does not require oxygen
• Any event done at maximum effort in less than 30 seconds is
supported entirely by this system

Describe the Glycogen or lactate system

• Can produce energy for up to 5 minutes from glycogen
stored in the muscle
• It takes over ATP production just when the Phosphagen
system is depleted
• Stored glycogen is mobilized and converted to ATP
through glycolysis
• This process does not require oxygen

Describe the citric acid or krebs cycle and the effects of VO2

Requires oxygen and produces the largest amount of ATP
• Takes over where the glycogen system ends and can last
for hours, as long as oxygen is available
• Amount of oxygen that can be delivered to the tissue and
used, is called the VO2 max
• The higher the VO2 max, the more endurance a horse has
• Fuel for this system can either be pyruvic acid (from
glycolysis) or fatty acids (from adipose tissue or the diet)
• End products are CO2 and H2O

true or false muscles are not very adaptable

false they are very adaptable

A horse muscles adapt in relation to..

the specific type of training it receives

overexertion of muscle without adequate conditioning leads to…

muscle fatigue

proper conditioning and nutrition prevents what

muscle disorders

What are some muscle disorders

• Bowed tendon
• Compartment syndrome
• Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER, "tying
up")
• Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM)
• Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency (GBED)
• Hypocalcemia
• Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP)
• Muscle atrophy
• White muscle disease seen in horses with a
selenium deficiency

Do animals have different types of digestive systems based on how and where they digest food

yes

what are non-ruminant systems characterized by

Non-ruminant systems characterized by enzymatic
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the
foregut and limited fiber digestion in the hindgut

Horse referred to as non-ruminant herbivore
(high rates of enzymatic digestion in the foregut
(mouth to ileum) and high rates of microbial
digestion in the hindgut (cecum to rectum)

How long is the digestive tract of a horse and what is its capacity

100 ft

40-50 gallons

How much of the digestive system does the stomach, small intestine, and hind gut make up

Stomach of adult horse – less than 10%
of total tract
Small intestines – 30% of total tract
Hind gut - ~ 65% of the digestive
system

The foregut includes what

mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestines

What 3 sets of paired glands secrete saliva

parotid

submaxillary

sublingual

True or false, water makes up 99% of saliva with 1% composed of inorganic salts and proteins

true

do horses have enzymes in their saliva

no

saliva secretion is stimulated by what

mechanical action of food on the mucous membrane of inner cheek

t or f horse produce 7 gallons of saliva in a day

no 10

describe the pharynx

food is moved from the mouth through
the pharynx very quickly so it will not enter the
larynx or be forced into the nasal passages

once food enters the pharynx can it return

no due to a blocking action

Can horse breath through their mouth

no because of pharynx

any food or water returning from the pharynx goes through what

the nostrils

Describe the esophagus

Esophagus: about 50-60 inches in length
 Extends from the pharynx down the left side
of the neck to the stomach
 Solid and semi-solid food moves down the
esophagus by peristalsis, while liquids are
squirted down

t or f Peristalsis is a one-way action in the horse (esophagus to stomach), therefore, it is very difficult for a horse to vomit

t

how many times should a horse be fed

2-3 times daily

True or false the horses stomach is small relative to the rest of the digestive tract

true

What is the capacity of a horses stomach

8-17 qts

Gastric juices contain what

Hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and gastric lipase

what does pepsin do

helps digest protein

What does gastric lipase do

helps digest some fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Where does most fat digestion occur

in the small intestine

How long does food remain in the stomach

15 mins

What is the site for major portion of nutrient absorption

small intestine

How long is the small intestine and what is the capacity

70 feet long and 2-4 inches in diameter capacity of 48 quarts

material leaving the stomach into the small intestine is called the what

chyme

What secretions influence digestion in the small intestine

Secretions from the pancreas (pancreatic juice),
liver (bile), and intestinal glands (intestinal juice)
influences digestion in the small intestines

pancreatic juices contain what and what are the functions

Pancreatic juice contains Trypsin which
converts proteins and partly hydrolyzed
proteins into peptides and amino acids;
pancreatic lipase which hydrolyzes fats to
fatty acids and glycerol, pancreatic amylase
which breaks down starch to maltose

the liver secretes _____ which_____

Liver secretes bile which activates
pancreatic lipase and assists in the
absorption of fatty acids

What does the gallbladder in the horse do

The horse does not have a gallbladder to
store bile, so there is a direct secretion of
bile into the small intestines from the liver

What are the sugar digesting enzymes in the small and large intestines and what do they break down

Other glands throughout the small and
large intestines secretes sugar digesting
enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase) which
breaks down maltose, sucrose and lactose
into glucose which can be absorbed

What is included in the hindgut

cecum, large colon, small colon, and rectum

true or false the hindgut contains microbes (bacteria and protozoa)

t

What do the microbes in the hindgut do

they break down fibrous feeds in to short chain volatile fatty acids

Microbial action allows the horse to..

efficiently utilize forages (hay, grass, etc)

volatile fatty acids are a source of..

energy

the amount of VFA produced depends on

composition of diet

What happens to starch that reaches the hind gut

it is fermented to VFA and Lactic Acid

Why is it best to not have too much soluble carbs reach the hindgut

because it can cause digestive disorders`

What is the cecum also referred to as

blind gut

the presence of food in the stomach causes what in the cecum

the presence of food in the cecum causes the emptying of the cecum into the large colon

What happens in the large colon

bacterial action, some digestion, and impaction occurs

What happens in the small colon

water is reabsorbed and feces are formed

True or false a horse voids about 33 to 50 lbs of feces daily

true

True or false vigorous horses defecate 4-8 times per day

false 5-12

HORSES IN SERVICE

What is equine assisted psychotherapy

therapeutic activities with horse under guidance of mental health professional and an equine specialist

activities can be grooming, feeding, leading the horse and more

What is hippotherapy

Hippotherapy is a specialized form of physical, occupational, and speech therapy in which a
therapist utilizes the horse’s natural movements to provide targeted motor and sensory input.

the use of horseback riding as a therapeutic or rehabilitative treatment, especially as a means of improving coordination, balance, and strength.

What does hippotherapy do and who is it used for

Hippotherepy shortens recovery times

Improves balance and muscle control

People with:

§Autism

§Cerebral palsy

§Arthritis, sclerosis

§Head injuries

§Strokes

§Spinal cord injuries

§Behavioral disorders

§Psychiatric conditions.

define therapeutic horseback riding

Therapeutic riding focuses
on teaching riding skills to
individuals with
disabilities, serving as
exercise and recreation
rather than treatment.
• While the primary goal is
riding and working with
the horse, it still offers
physical, emotional, and
psychological benefits.

The first guide horse foundation was set
up as an experimental program by the
Burlson's farm in 1999.
• In 2002 Dan Shaw became the first
person to use a guide horse.
• 2010 the US Department of Justice
ruled that mini horses can be recognized
as service animals

list pros and cons of guide horses

Pros
○ Miniature horses have an average lifespan of 30
years compared to dogs' lifespan which is 12
years.
○ Horses have heighten senses due to them being
prey animals allowing them to react to situations
faster.
○ Due to their size it allows for better stability for
individuals with mobility issues
● Cons
○ Horses won't have as much access to indoor
spaces due to their size
○ Horses have a strong flight or fight response
causing less predictable behavior

What are mobility horses

service animals that assist people with mobility issues

what are other ways service horses can be used

law enforcement

search & rescue

learning programs

rehabilitation

list some common horses used in service

Quarter Horse – Therapeutic Riding, Emotional Support
● Morgan – Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy, Mobility Assistance,
Leadership
● Friesian – Mobility Assistance, Therapeutic Riding, Leadership
Tennessee Walking Horse – Emotional Support, Search and Rescue,
Therapeutic Riding
● Miniature Horse – Guide Work, Animal-Assisted Interventions
● Percheron & Belgian Draft – Mounted Police, Mobility Assistance
● Mustang & Arabian – Search and Rescue, Leadership

OWNING A HORSE PPT

what are some care requirements

Housing and environment

nutrition and feeding

routine veterinary care and health care

equipment and tack

What are five factors that contribute to the price of a horse

breed

age

training level

primary use

pedigree

What is the highest expense for horses

housing

What are challenges of owning horse

financial commitment

time management

socialization and training

housing/security

potential illness/injury

right horse suited for lifestyle

veterinary care

benefits of owning a horse

physical exercise

mental, emotional, and social development through companionship

financial/investment potential

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM