definitions grade 11 chemistry
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28 Terms
Atomic Radius
The distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron of an atom.
Ionization Energy
The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom.
Electronegativity
An atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
Electron Affinity
The energy released when an atom gains an electron.
Periodic Trends
Patterns in properties like atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity across the periodic table.
Ionic Bond
Bond formed when one atom transfers electrons to another (metal + non-metal).
Covalent Bond
Bond formed when atoms share electrons (non-metals).
Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons.
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons.
Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Reactants and Products
Reactants are starting substances; products are what you end with.
Endothermic Reaction
Reaction that absorbs energy.
Exothermic Reaction
Reaction that releases energy.
Synthesis Reaction
Two elements → one compound.
Decomposition Reaction
One compound → two elements.
Single Displacement Reaction
Element + compound → new element + new compound.
Double Displacement Reaction
Compound + compound → two new compounds.
Combustion Reaction
Hydrocarbon + oxygen → CO2 + H2O.
Mole
The amount of substance containing 6.022×10^23 particles.
Molar Mass
The mass of one mole of a substance (g/mol).
Avogadro’s Number
6.022×10^23, the number of particles in one mole.
Solubility
The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent.
Concentration
The amount of solute in a solution (mol/L).
Dilution
Adding solvent to decrease concentration.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Explains gas behavior: particles move randomly, collide, and have negligible forces.
Boyle’s Law
Pressure and volume are inversely related.
Charles’s Law
Volume and temperature are directly related.
Ideal Gas Law
Relates pressure, volume, temperature, and moles (PV=nRT).