HL Geography - Option D: Geophysical Hazards

collision plate boundary

a convergent plate boundary which lacks oceanic crust

convergent plate boundary

where a denser oceanic plate is subducted under a continental crust

transform fault plate boundary

a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal

divergent plate boundary

where new crust is generated where plates pull apart and magma rises due to convection currents

shield volcano

a volcano shaped like a bowl in the middle with long gentle slopes made by basaltic low-viscosity lava

cinder volcano

a volcano with a conical shape and a cratered summit with steep sides formed by the accumulation of fragments of volcanic rock

composite volcano

a volcano with steep symmetrical profiles formed from multiple layers of hardened lava and volcanic ash

lava dome volcano

a volcano shaped as a steep-sided mound formed when erupting lava is too thick builds up by slow eruptions over time

Icelandic eruption

effusions of molten basaltic flow from fissures

Hawaiian eruption

fluid lava flows from summit and radial fissures

Strombolian eruption

bursts of expanding gases ejecting lava clots

Vulcanian eruption

moderate gas explosions which are laden with volcanic ash

Pelean eruption

outbursts generating pyroclastic flows and volcanic gas

Plinian eruption

gases boiling out of gas-rich magma which generate enormous and continuous jetting blasts that core out the magma conduit

Hunga Tunga-Hunga Ha’apai

the location of an eruption of a volcano on the pacific part of the ring of fire in 2022 which produced a 58km high plume

2009 volcanic activity

the event which joined the islands of Hunga Tunga with the Hunga Ha’apai

destructive margin of the pacific and Australian plate

the type of margin and plates the Hunga Tunga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption occured on

14th January in 2022 at 4:20am

date and time of the Hunga Tunga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption

5-6

the VEI of the Hunga Tunga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption

Eyjafjallajökull (E15)

a composite cone volcano with acidic lava which erupted with a mixture of Strombolian and Vulcanian

from 20 March to 23 June 2010

date of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

3-4

the VEI of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

150m thick cap

the explosion which melted this causing major floods in Iceland and destroyed parts of the main Route 1 road

95’000

the number of cancelled flights as a result of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

2 billion dollars

the cost to airlines after cancelling flights due to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption

9.0

the magnitude of the earthquake which hit Japan in 2011

a convergent boundary between the Pacific and North American plate

the margin type and plates which caused the 2011 earthquake in Japan

400km by 0.6 meters

the amount by which and length of the coastline which dropped following the 2011 earthquake in Japan

1st of September

the Japanese preparation day for earthquakes

6 centers, 180 seismic stations and 80 water-born sensors

the Earthquake monitoring opportunities in Japan

over 5000

the amount of aftershocks which hit after the 2011 earthquake in Japan

39000

the number of evacuees as of November 2021 after the 2011 earthquake in Japan

18’500-20’000

the estimated number of deaths after the 2011 earthquake in Japan

120’000

the number of building destroyed after the 2011 earthquake in Japan

7.0

the magnitude of the earthquake which hit Haiti in 2010

12 January 2010 at 16:53

the date and time of the earthquake which hit Haiti

a transform boundary between the Caribbean and North American plate

the margin type and plates which caused the 2010 earthquake in Haiti

80%

the percentage of Haiti’s population who live below the poverty line

60%

the percentage of government buildings which were destroyed by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti

13.9 billion dollars

the costs which resulted from the 2010 earthquake in Haiti

25%

the estimated percentage of civil servants killed by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti

230’000

the estimated number of deaths caused by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti