Human Development Ch 4

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54 Terms

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Catch-up growth

Phenomenon in which children who have experienced growth deficits will grow rapidly and catch up to the growth trajectory they are genetically programmed to follow

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Endocrine gland

Type of gland that secretes chemicals directly into the bloodstream that stimulate growth and regulate bodily functions

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Pituitary gland

The Master Gland located at the base of the brain that regulates the other endocrine glands and produces growth hormone

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Growth hormone

Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates childhood physical growth and the adolescent growth spurt

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Endocrine system

Hormonal system consisting of a group of endocrine glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the bloodstream

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Testosterone

Most important of male hormones or androgens, essential for normal sexual development during the prenatal period and puberty. A male foetus will not develop male reproductive organs unless a gene on his Y chromosome triggers the prenatal development of the testes which then secrete the testosterone

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Androgens

Male hormones, such as testosterone, that help trigger the adolescent growth spurt and the development of the male sex organs, secondary sex characteristics and sexual motivation.

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Estrogen

Female hormone responsible for the development of the female sex organs, secondary sex characteristics (breasts, menstrual cycle)

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Progesterone

Female hormone responsible for bodily changes that allow conception and support a pregnancy

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Neuron

The basic unit of the nervous system, a nerve cell

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Myelin

A fatty sheath that insulates neural axons and thereby speeds the transmission of neural impulses

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Myelination

The process of depositing a fatty sheath around neural axons that insulates them and thereby speeds the transmission of neural impulses.

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Cephalocaudal principle of growth

The principle that growth proceeds from the head (cephalic region) to the tail (caudal region).

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Proximodistal principle of growth

The principle that growth proceeds from the centre of the body (or the proximal region) to the extremities (or the distal regions).

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Orthogenetic principle of growth

The principle that growth and development proceeds from global and undifferentiated states toward more differentiated and integrated patterns of response.

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Synaptic pruning

The removal of unnecessary synapses, or connections, between neurons.

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Brain plasticity

it is responsive to the individual's experiences and can develop in a variety of ways

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Gross motor skills

Motor skills that involve large muscles and whole body or limb movements.

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Fine motor skills

Motor skills that involve precise movements of the hands and fingers or feet and toes.

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Puberty

biological process resulting in the ability to produce a child

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Babinski reflex

infants to fan their toes when the bottoms of their feet are stroked

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Dementia

a progressive loss of neural functioning

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Vascular dementia

results from a series of small strokes, each adding rather quickly to the observed deterioration

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Neurofibrillary tangles

twisted strands of neural fibres and the protein tau within the bodies of neural cells - present in Alzheimer's disease

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Alzheimer's disease

A pathological condition of the nervous system that results in an irreversible loss of cognitive capacities; the leading cause of dementia in later life.

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dynamic systems theory

A perspective on motor development that proposes more sophisticated patterns of motor behaviour emerge over time through a process of adapting motor responses as a result of sensory feedback.

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gross motor skills

Motor skills that involve large muscles and whole body or limb movements.

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fine motor skills

Motor skills that involve precise movements of the hands and fingers or feet and toes.

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brain lateralisation

The specialisation of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex of the brain.

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secular trend

A trend in industrialised societies toward earlier maturation and greater body size.

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Celiac disease

inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation and damages the small intestine

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biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social and cultural factors on health and illness

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Synaptogenesis

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

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Fontanelles

Areas where the infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age.

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Reflex

an unlearned and involuntary response to a stimulus

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REM sleep

active sleep, rapid eye movement, half of newborns sleep, 25-30% of infants older than 6mo, and 20% of adults.

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Congenital malformations

refers to physical defects developing either in the uterus or dating from birth

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Body mass index (BMI)

A measure of body fat based on height and weight.

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Adrenarche

andrenal glands increase production of adrenal androgens sometime between ages 6 and 8

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Concussion

a bruise like injury of the brain

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Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

a progressive, degenerative condition involving brain damage resulting from multiple episodes of head trauma

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Menarche

the first menstrual period

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Semenarche

a male's first ejaculation

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Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)

a group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increases a person's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

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Neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

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Hippocampus

a neural center located in the limbic system; involved in learning and memory

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Prostate gland

A gland in males that contributes to the seminal fluid.

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Premenstrual syndrome

symptoms that develop just prior to onset of menstrual period; can include irritability, headache, tender breasts, and anxiety

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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle

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Menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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Andropause

referred to as male menopause; is marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone

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Osteoarthritis

joint problem from gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions the bones from rubbing against each other

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Osteoporosis

A condition in which the body's bones become porous, weak, and break easily.

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Health disparity

a specific difference that is closely linked to social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage