Speciation (bio - unit 2)

allopatric

a geographic barrier separates populations

populations become physically isolated and evolve independently

peripatric

a small group becomes isolated at the edge of the population (founder effect)

a small founder population experiences strong genetic drift and different selection pressures, leading to rapid divergence

parapatric

neighboring populations occupy different habitats with limited gene flow

populations remain adjacent but adapted to different environments, gradually becoming reproductively isolated

sympatric

reproductive isolation develops within the same geographic area

populations become reproductively isolated without a physical barrier through differences in behavior, timing, or resource use

artificial

humans intentionally isolate or manipulate populations

humans create or accelerate reproductive isolation through selective breeding, hybridization, or chromosome manipulation

doesn't necessarily have to be human-directed